COVID-19 Outbreak-Global Urea Industry Market Report-Development Trends, Threats, Opportunities and Competitive Landscape in 2020

Table of Content

1 Urea Introduction and Market Overview

• 1.1 Objectives of the Study
• 1.2 Overview of Urea
• 1.3 Scope of The Study
  • 1.3.1 Key Market Segments
  • 1.3.2 Players Covered
  • 1.3.3 COVID-19's impact on the Urea industry
• 1.4 Methodology of The Study
• 1.5 Research Data Source

2 Executive Summary

• 2.1 Market Overview
  • 2.1.1 Global Urea Market Size, 2015 – 2020
  • 2.1.2 Global Urea Market Size by Type, 2015 – 2020
  • 2.1.3 Global Urea Market Size by Application, 2015 – 2020
  • 2.1.4 Global Urea Market Size by Region, 2015 - 2025
• 2.2 Business Environment Analysis
  • 2.2.1 Global COVID-19 Status and Economic Overview
  • 2.2.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Urea Industry Development

3 Industry Chain Analysis

• 3.1 Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Urea Analysis
• 3.2 Major Players of Urea
• 3.3 Urea Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
  • 3.3.1 Production Process Analysis
  • 3.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Urea
  • 3.3.3 Labor Cost of Urea
• 3.4 Market Distributors of Urea
• 3.5 Major Downstream Buyers of Urea Analysis
• 3.6 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain
• 3.7 Regional Import and Export Controls Will Exist for a Long Time
• 3.8 Continued downward PMI Spreads Globally

4 Global Urea Market, by Type

• 4.1 Global Urea Value and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
• 4.2 Global Urea Production and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
• 4.3 Global Urea Value and Growth Rate by Type (2015-2020)
  • 4.3.1 Global Urea Value and Growth Rate of Granular urea
  • 4.3.2 Global Urea Value and Growth Rate of Small particles of urea
• 4.4 Global Urea Price Analysis by Type (2015-2020)

5 Urea Market, by Application

• 5.1 Downstream Market Overview
• 5.2 Global Urea Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
• 5.3 Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)
  • 5.3.1 Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Agriculture (2015-2020)
  • 5.3.2 Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Industry (2015-2020)
  • 5.3.3 Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Others (2015-2020)

6 Global Urea Market Analysis by Regions

• 6.1 Global Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
  • 6.1.1 Global Urea Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.2 Global Urea Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
• 6.2 North America Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 6.3 Europe Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 6.4 Asia-Pacific Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 6.5 Middle East and Africa Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 6.6 South America Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

7 North America Urea Market Analysis by Countries

• 7.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
• 7.2 North America Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
  • 7.2.1 North America Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
  • 7.2.2 North America Urea Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
• 7.3 United States Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 7.4 Canada Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 7.5 Mexico Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

8 Europe Urea Market Analysis by Countries

• 8.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
• 8.2 Europe Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
  • 8.2.1 Europe Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
  • 8.2.2 Europe Urea Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
• 8.3 Germany Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 8.4 UK Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 8.5 France Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 8.6 Italy Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 8.7 Spain Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 8.8 Russia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

9 Asia Pacific Urea Market Analysis by Countries

• 9.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
• 9.2 Asia Pacific Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
  • 9.2.1 Asia Pacific Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
  • 9.2.2 Asia Pacific Urea Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
• 9.3 China Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.4 Japan Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.5 South Korea Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.6 India Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.7 Southeast Asia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.8 Australia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

10 Middle East and Africa Urea Market Analysis by Countries

• 10.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
• 10.2 Middle East and Africa Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
  • 10.2.1 Middle East and Africa Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
  • 10.2.2 Middle East and Africa Urea Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
• 10.3 Saudi Arabia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.4 UAE Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.5 Egypt Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.6 Nigeria Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.7 South Africa Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

11 South America Urea Market Analysis by Countries

• 11.1 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
• 11.2 South America Urea Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
  • 11.2.1 South America Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)
  • 11.2.2 South America Urea Revenue by Countries (2015-2020)
• 11.3 Brazil Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.4 Argentina Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.5 Columbia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.6 Chile Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

12 Competitive Landscape

• 12.1 KOCH
  • 12.1.1 KOCH Basic Information
  • 12.1.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.1.3 KOCH Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.2 OCI
  • 12.2.1 OCI Basic Information
  • 12.2.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.2.3 OCI Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.3 Hualu-hengsheng
  • 12.3.1 Hualu-hengsheng Basic Information
  • 12.3.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.3.3 Hualu-hengsheng Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.4 Group DF
  • 12.4.1 Group DF Basic Information
  • 12.4.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.4.3 Group DF Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.5 Agrium Inc.
  • 12.5.1 Agrium Inc. Basic Information
  • 12.5.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.5.3 Agrium Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.6 Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry
  • 12.6.1 Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Basic Information
  • 12.6.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.6.3 Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.7 Rui Xing Group
  • 12.7.1 Rui Xing Group Basic Information
  • 12.7.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.7.3 Rui Xing Group Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.8 EuroChem
  • 12.8.1 EuroChem Basic Information
  • 12.8.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.8.3 EuroChem Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.9 PotashCorp
  • 12.9.1 PotashCorp Basic Information
  • 12.9.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.9.3 PotashCorp Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.10 SABIC
  • 12.10.1 SABIC Basic Information
  • 12.10.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.10.3 SABIC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.11 CNPC
  • 12.11.1 CNPC Basic Information
  • 12.11.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.11.3 CNPC Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.12 Sichuan Lutianhua
  • 12.12.1 Sichuan Lutianhua Basic Information
  • 12.12.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.12.3 Sichuan Lutianhua Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.13 CF Industries
  • 12.13.1 CF Industries Basic Information
  • 12.13.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.13.3 CF Industries Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.14 Lanhua Sci-tech
  • 12.14.1 Lanhua Sci-tech Basic Information
  • 12.14.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.14.3 Lanhua Sci-tech Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.15 Luxi Chemical Group
  • 12.15.1 Luxi Chemical Group Basic Information
  • 12.15.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.15.3 Luxi Chemical Group Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.16 QAFCO
  • 12.16.1 QAFCO Basic Information
  • 12.16.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.16.3 QAFCO Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.17 Yara
  • 12.17.1 Yara Basic Information
  • 12.17.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.17.3 Yara Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
• 12.18 Huajin Chemical Industries
  • 12.18.1 Huajin Chemical Industries Basic Information
  • 12.18.2 Urea Product Introduction
  • 12.18.3 Huajin Chemical Industries Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020

13 Industry Outlook

• 13.1 Market Driver Analysis
  • 13.1.2 Market Restraints Analysis
  • 13.1.3 Market Trends Analysis
• 13.2 Merger, Acquisition and New Investment
• 13.3 News of Product Release

14 Global Urea Market Forecast

• 14.1 Global Urea Market Value & Volume Forecast, by Type (2020-2025)
  • 14.1.1 Granular urea Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.1.2 Small particles of urea Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025)
• 14.2 Global Urea Market Value & Volume Forecast, by Application (2020-2025)
  • 14.2.1 Agriculture Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.2.2 Industry Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.2.3 Others Market Value and Volume Forecast (2020-2025)
• 14.3 Urea Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
  • 14.3.1 North America Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.3.2 Europe Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.3.3 Asia Pacific Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.3.4 Middle East and Africa Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 14.3.5 South America Market Value and Consumption Forecast (2020-2025)

15 New Project Feasibility Analysis

• 15.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis
  • 15.1.1 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
  • 15.1.2 New Entrants SWOT Analysis
• 15.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture of Urea

Table Product Specification of Urea

Table Urea Key Market Segments

Table Key Players Urea Covered

Figure Global Urea Market Size, 2015 – 2025

Table Different Types of Urea

Figure Global Urea Value ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020

Figure Global Urea Market Share by Types in 2019

Table Different Applications of Urea

Figure Global Urea Value ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020

Figure Global Urea Market Share by Applications in 2019

Figure Global Urea Market Share by Regions in 2019

Figure North America Urea Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Urea Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia Pacific Urea Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Urea Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Urea Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Table Global COVID-19 Status and Economic Overview

Figure Global COVID-19 Status

Figure COVID-19 Comparison of Major Countries

Figure Industry Chain Analysis of Urea

Table Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Urea with Contact Information

Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Urea

Figure Major Players Production Value Market Share of Urea in 2019

Table Major Players Urea Product Types in 2019

Figure Production Process of Urea

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Urea

Figure Channel Status of Urea

Table Major Distributors of Urea with Contact Information

Table Major Downstream Buyers of Urea with Contact Information

Table Global Urea Value ($) by Type (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Value Share by Type (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Value Share by Type (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Production by Type (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Production Share by Type (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Production Share by Type (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Value ($) and Growth Rate of Granular urea (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Value ($) and Growth Rate of Small particles of urea (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Price by Type (2015-2020)

Figure Downstream Market Overview

Table Global Urea Consumption by Application (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Agriculture (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Industry (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Consumption and Growth Rate of Others (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Sales by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Revenue (M USD) by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Urea Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2015

Table Global Urea Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019

Figure North America Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure North America COVID-19 Status

Figure North America COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Major Distribution

Figure North America Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table North America Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)

Table North America Urea Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Table North America Urea Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020)

Table North America Urea Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Figure United States Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Canada Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Mexico Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Europe COVID-19 Status

Figure Europe COVID-19 Confirmed Cases Major Distribution

Figure Europe Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table Europe Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Europe Urea Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Europe Urea Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Europe Urea Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Figure Germany Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure UK Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure France Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Italy Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Spain Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Russia Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status

Figure Asia Pacific Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table Asia Pacific Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Asia Pacific Urea Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Asia Pacific Urea Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Asia Pacific Urea Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Figure China Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Japan Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South Korea Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure India Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Southeast Asia Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Australia Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table Middle East Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Middle East and Africa Urea Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Middle East and Africa Urea Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020)

Table Middle East and Africa Urea Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Figure Saudi Arabia Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure UAE Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Egypt Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Nigeria Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure South Africa Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure South America Urea Revenue (M USD) and Growth (2015-2020)

Table South America Urea Sales by Countries (2015-2020)

Table South America Urea Sales Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Table South America Urea Revenue (M USD) by Countries (2015-2020)

Table South America Urea Revenue Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)

Figure Brazil Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Argentina Urea Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Columbia Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Chile Urea Sales and Growth (2015-2020)

Figure Top 3 Market Share of Urea Companies in 2019

Figure Top 6 Market Share of Urea Companies in 2019

Table Major Players Production Value ($) Share (2015-2020)

Table KOCH Profile

Table KOCH Product Introduction

Figure KOCH Production and Growth Rate

Figure KOCH Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table OCI Profile

Table OCI Product Introduction

Figure OCI Production and Growth Rate

Figure OCI Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Hualu-hengsheng Profile

Table Hualu-hengsheng Product Introduction

Figure Hualu-hengsheng Production and Growth Rate

Figure Hualu-hengsheng Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Group DF Profile

Table Group DF Product Introduction

Figure Group DF Production and Growth Rate

Figure Group DF Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Agrium Inc. Profile

Table Agrium Inc. Product Introduction

Figure Agrium Inc. Production and Growth Rate

Figure Agrium Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Profile

Table Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Product Introduction

Figure Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Production and Growth Rate

Figure Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Rui Xing Group Profile

Table Rui Xing Group Product Introduction

Figure Rui Xing Group Production and Growth Rate

Figure Rui Xing Group Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table EuroChem Profile

Table EuroChem Product Introduction

Figure EuroChem Production and Growth Rate

Figure EuroChem Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table PotashCorp Profile

Table PotashCorp Product Introduction

Figure PotashCorp Production and Growth Rate

Figure PotashCorp Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table SABIC Profile

Table SABIC Product Introduction

Figure SABIC Production and Growth Rate

Figure SABIC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table CNPC Profile

Table CNPC Product Introduction

Figure CNPC Production and Growth Rate

Figure CNPC Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Sichuan Lutianhua Profile

Table Sichuan Lutianhua Product Introduction

Figure Sichuan Lutianhua Production and Growth Rate

Figure Sichuan Lutianhua Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table CF Industries Profile

Table CF Industries Product Introduction

Figure CF Industries Production and Growth Rate

Figure CF Industries Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Lanhua Sci-tech Profile

Table Lanhua Sci-tech Product Introduction

Figure Lanhua Sci-tech Production and Growth Rate

Figure Lanhua Sci-tech Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Luxi Chemical Group Profile

Table Luxi Chemical Group Product Introduction

Figure Luxi Chemical Group Production and Growth Rate

Figure Luxi Chemical Group Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table QAFCO Profile

Table QAFCO Product Introduction

Figure QAFCO Production and Growth Rate

Figure QAFCO Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Yara Profile

Table Yara Product Introduction

Figure Yara Production and Growth Rate

Figure Yara Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Huajin Chemical Industries Profile

Table Huajin Chemical Industries Product Introduction

Figure Huajin Chemical Industries Production and Growth Rate

Figure Huajin Chemical Industries Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Market Driving Factors of Urea

Table Merger, Acquisition and New Investment

Table Global Urea Market Value ($) Forecast, by Type

Table Global Urea Market Volume Forecast, by Type

Figure Global Urea Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Granular urea (2020-2025)

Figure Global Urea Market Volume ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Granular urea (2020-2025)

Figure Global Urea Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Small particles of urea (2020-2025)

Figure Global Urea Market Volume ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Small particles of urea (2020-2025)

Table Global Market Value ($) Forecast by Application (2020-2025)

Table Global Market Volume Forecast by Application (2020-2025)

Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Agriculture (2020-2025)

Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Agriculture (2020-2025)

Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Industry (2020-2025)

Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Industry (2020-2025)

Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)

Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)

Figure North America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure North America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Europe Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Europe Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Asia Pacific Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Asia Pacific Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Middle East and Africa Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Middle East and Africa Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure South America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure South America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)

Figure Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Table New Entrants SWOT Analysis

Table New Project Analysis of Investment Recovery