Report Detail
Covid-19 Impact on 2021-2026 Global and Regional PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Industry Production, Sales and Consumption Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version
- RnM4029198 |
- 13 June, 2020 |
- Global |
- 164 Pages |
- HNY Research |
- Chemical & Material
The research team projects that the PUR Hot Melts Adhesives market size will grow from XXX in 2019 to XXX by 2026, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2019, and the market size is projected from 2020 to 2026.
The prime objective of this report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing with 10 major regions and 50 major countries. Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.
By Market Players:
Henkel
Kleiberit
3M Company
H. B. Fuller
DOW Corning
Bostik Inc
Tex Year Industries
Avery Dennison
Jowat
Sika AG
By Type
Thermoplastic PUR Hot Melts Adhesive
Reactive PUR Hot Melts Adhesive
By Application
Textile & Footwear
Construction
Packaging Industry
Other
By Regions/Countries:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
East Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Europe
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Poland
South Asia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Myanmar
Middle East
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
Oman
Africa
Nigeria
South Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Morocoo
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Venezuela
Peru
Puerto Rico
Ecuador
Rest of the World
Kazakhstan
Points Covered in The Report
The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.
The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.
The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.
Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.
The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.
Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.
Chapter 1 Industry Overview
- 1.1 Definition
- 1.2 Assumptions
- 1.3 Research Scope
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
- 1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.5 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026
- 1.5.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Consumption Volume
- 1.5.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Value
- 1.5.3 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Price Trends Analysis from 2021 to 2026
- 1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Covid-19 Impact: Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
- 2.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives (Volume and Value) by Type
- 2.1.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 2.1.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 2.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives (Volume and Value) by Application
- 2.2.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 2.2.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 2.3 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives (Volume and Value) by Regions
- 2.3.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 2.3.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Chapter 3 Covid-19 Impact: Production Market Analysis
- 3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
- 3.1.1 2015-2020 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
- 3.1.2 2015-2020 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
- 3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
- 3.2.1 2015-2020 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
- 3.2.2 North America Market
- 3.2.3 East Asia Market
- 3.2.4 Europe Market
- 3.2.5 South Asia Market
- 3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
- 3.2.7 Middle East Market
- 3.2.8 Africa Market
- 3.2.9 Oceania Market
- 3.2.10 South America Market
- 3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Covid-19 Impact: Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.2 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.3 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.4 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.5 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.6 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.7 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.8 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.9 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.10 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
Chapter 5 Covid-19 Impact: North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 5.1 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 5.1.1 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 5.2 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 5.3 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 5.4 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 5.4.1 United States PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 5.4.2 Canada PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 5.4.3 Mexico PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 6 Covid-19 Impact: East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 6.1 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 6.1.1 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 6.2 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 6.3 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 6.4 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 6.4.1 China PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 6.4.2 Japan PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 6.4.3 South Korea PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 7 Covid-19 Impact: Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 7.1 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 7.1.1 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 7.2 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 7.3 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 7.4 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 7.4.1 Germany PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.2 UK PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.3 France PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.4 Italy PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.5 Russia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.6 Spain PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.7 Netherlands PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.8 Switzerland PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.9 Poland PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 8 Covid-19 Impact: South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 8.1 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 8.1.1 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 8.2 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 8.3 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 8.4 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 8.4.1 India PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 8.4.2 Pakistan PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 8.4.3 Bangladesh PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 9 Covid-19 Impact: Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 9.1 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 9.1.1 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 9.2 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 9.3 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 9.4 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 9.4.1 Indonesia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.2 Thailand PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.3 Singapore PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.4 Malaysia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.5 Philippines PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.6 Vietnam PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.7 Myanmar PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 10 Covid-19 Impact: Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 10.1 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 10.1.1 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 10.2 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 10.3 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 10.4 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 10.4.1 Turkey PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.2 Saudi Arabia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.3 Iran PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.4 United Arab Emirates PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.5 Israel PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.6 Iraq PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.7 Qatar PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.8 Kuwait PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.9 Oman PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 11 Covid-19 Impact: Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 11.1 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 11.1.1 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 11.2 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 11.3 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 11.4 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 11.4.1 Nigeria PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.2 South Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.3 Egypt PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.4 Algeria PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.5 Morocco PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 12 Covid-19 Impact: Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 12.1 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 12.2 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 12.3 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 12.4 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption by Top Countries
- 12.4.1 Australia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 12.4.2 New Zealand PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 13 Covid-19 Impact: South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Analysis
- 13.1 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption and Value Analysis
- 13.1.1 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Under COVID-19
- 13.2 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Types
- 13.3 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Structure by Application
- 13.4 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume by Major Countries
- 13.4.1 Brazil PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.2 Argentina PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.3 Columbia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.4 Chile PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.5 Venezuela PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.6 Peru PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.7 Puerto Rico PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.8 Ecuador PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Business
- 14.1 Henkel
- 14.1.1 Henkel Company Profile
- 14.1.2 Henkel PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.1.3 Henkel PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.1.4 Henkel PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.2 Kleiberit
- 14.2.1 Kleiberit Company Profile
- 14.2.2 Kleiberit PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.2.3 Kleiberit PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.2.4 Kleiberit PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.3 3M Company
- 14.3.1 3M Company Company Profile
- 14.3.2 3M Company PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.3.3 3M Company PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.3.4 3M Company PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.4 H. B. Fuller
- 14.4.1 H. B. Fuller Company Profile
- 14.4.2 H. B. Fuller PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.4.3 H. B. Fuller PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.4.4 H. B. Fuller PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.5 DOW Corning
- 14.5.1 DOW Corning Company Profile
- 14.5.2 DOW Corning PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.5.3 DOW Corning PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.5.4 DOW Corning PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.6 Bostik Inc
- 14.6.1 Bostik Inc Company Profile
- 14.6.2 Bostik Inc PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.6.3 Bostik Inc PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.6.4 Bostik Inc PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.7 Tex Year Industries
- 14.7.1 Tex Year Industries Company Profile
- 14.7.2 Tex Year Industries PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.7.3 Tex Year Industries PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.7.4 Tex Year Industries PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.8 Avery Dennison
- 14.8.1 Avery Dennison Company Profile
- 14.8.2 Avery Dennison PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.8.3 Avery Dennison PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.8.4 Avery Dennison PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.9 Jowat
- 14.9.1 Jowat Company Profile
- 14.9.2 Jowat PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.9.3 Jowat PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.9.4 Jowat PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
- 14.10 Sika AG
- 14.10.1 Sika AG Company Profile
- 14.10.2 Sika AG PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Product Specification
- 14.10.3 Sika AG PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.10.4 Sika AG PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Sales by Types
Chapter 15 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2021-2026)
- 15.2.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
- 15.2.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
- 15.2.3 North America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.4 East Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.5 Europe PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.6 South Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.7 Southeast Asia PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.8 Middle East PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.9 Africa PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.10 Oceania PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.11 South America PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.3 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.1 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.2 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.3 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.4 Global PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
- 15.5 PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology
Summary:
Get latest Market Research Reports on PUR Hot Melts Adhesives. Industry analysis & Market Report on PUR Hot Melts Adhesives is a syndicated market report, published as Covid-19 Impact on 2021-2026 Global and Regional PUR Hot Melts Adhesives Industry Production, Sales and Consumption Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version. It is complete Research Study and Industry Analysis of PUR Hot Melts Adhesives market, to understand, Market Demand, Growth, trends analysis and Factor Influencing market.
REPORT YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED
Related Reports
Reason to Buy
Reports and Markets
Contact Us
+1-352-353-0818 (US)Newsletter
KEEP UP TO DATE ON ALL THE LATEST REPORTS
