Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery

Table of Content

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
• 1.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Size
• 1.3 Market Segmentation
• 1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
• 1.5 SWOT Analysis

2. Market Dynamics

• 2.1 Market Drivers
• 2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
• 2.3 Emerging Market Trends
• 2.4 Impact of COVID-19
  • 2.4.1 Short-term Impact
  • 2.4.2 Long-term Impact

3 Associated Industry Assessment

• 3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
• 3.2 Industry Active Participants
  • 3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
  • 3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers
• 3.3 Alternative Analysis
• 3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain

4 Market Competitive Landscape

• 4.1 Industry Leading Players
• 4.2 Industry News
  • 4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
  • 4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans

5 Analysis of Leading Companies

• 5.1 Mexichem
  • 5.1.1 Mexichem Company Profile
  • 5.1.2 Mexichem Business Overview
  • 5.1.3 Mexichem Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.1.4 Mexichem Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.2 Solvay
  • 5.2.1 Solvay Company Profile
  • 5.2.2 Solvay Business Overview
  • 5.2.3 Solvay Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.2.4 Solvay Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.3 Du Pont
  • 5.3.1 Du Pont Company Profile
  • 5.3.2 Du Pont Business Overview
  • 5.3.3 Du Pont Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.3.4 Du Pont Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.4 Arkema
  • 5.4.1 Arkema Company Profile
  • 5.4.2 Arkema Business Overview
  • 5.4.3 Arkema Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.4.4 Arkema Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.5 Saint-Gobain
  • 5.5.1 Saint-Gobain Company Profile
  • 5.5.2 Saint-Gobain Business Overview
  • 5.5.3 Saint-Gobain Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.5.4 Saint-Gobain Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.6 Shandong Dongyue
  • 5.6.1 Shandong Dongyue Company Profile
  • 5.6.2 Shandong Dongyue Business Overview
  • 5.6.3 Shandong Dongyue Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.6.4 Shandong Dongyue Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.7 BASF
  • 5.7.1 BASF Company Profile
  • 5.7.2 BASF Business Overview
  • 5.7.3 BASF Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.7.4 BASF Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.8 Honeywell
  • 5.8.1 Honeywell Company Profile
  • 5.8.2 Honeywell Business Overview
  • 5.8.3 Honeywell Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.8.4 Honeywell Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.9 3M
  • 5.9.1 3M Company Profile
  • 5.9.2 3M Business Overview
  • 5.9.3 3M Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.9.4 3M Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction
• 5.10 Daikin Industries
  • 5.10.1 Daikin Industries Company Profile
  • 5.10.2 Daikin Industries Business Overview
  • 5.10.3 Daikin Industries Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 5.10.4 Daikin Industries Nitrosofluoro Rubber Products Introduction

6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types

• 6.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.1.3 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Price by Types (2015-2020)
• 6.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.2.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.2.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
• 6.3 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
  • 6.3.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Carboxylnitroso
  • 6.3.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Nitroso
• 6.4 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
  • 6.4.1 Carboxylnitroso Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 6.4.2 Nitroso Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications

• 7.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.1.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.1.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
• 7.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
• 7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Aerospace (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Automobile (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.3 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Electrical Instrument (2015-2020)
  • 7.3.4 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Rubber Seal (2015-2020)
• 7.4 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.1 Aerospace Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.2 Automobile Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.3 Electrical Instrument Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.4 Rubber Seal Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)

8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions

• 8.1 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
• 8.2 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
• 8.3 Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)

9 North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis

• 9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 9.2 North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.3 North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 9.4 North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast
• 9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
• 9.6 North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis by Country
  • 9.6.1 U.S. Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 9.6.2 Canada Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 9.6.3 Mexico Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate

10 Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis

• 10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 10.2 Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.3 Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 10.4 Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast
• 10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
• 10.6 Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis by Country
  • 10.6.1 Germany Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.2 United Kingdom Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.3 France Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.4 Italy Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.5 Spain Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 10.6.6 Russia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate

11 Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis

• 11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 11.2 Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.3 Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 11.4 Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast
• 11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
• 11.6 Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis by Country
  • 11.6.1 China Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.2 Japan Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.3 South Korea Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.4 Australia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 11.6.5 India Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate

12 South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis

• 12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 12.2 South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 12.3 South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 12.4 South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast
• 12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
• 12.6 South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis by Country
  • 12.6.1 Brazil Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 12.6.2 Argentina Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 12.6.3 Columbia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate

13 Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis

• 13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
• 13.2 Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 13.3 Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
• 13.4 Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast
• 13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
• 13.6 Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Analysis by Country
  • 13.6.1 UAE Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 13.6.2 Egypt Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate
  • 13.6.3 South Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate

14 Conclusions and Recommendations

• 14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
• 14.2 Advice for Investors

15 Appendix

• 15.1 Methodology
• 15.2 Research Data Source

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025

Table Nitrosofluoro Rubber Key Market Segments

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020

Table SWOT Analysis

Figure Global COVID-19 Status

Figure Supply Chain

Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of Nitrosofluoro Rubber

Table Major Players Revenue in 2019

Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019

Table Mexichem Company Profile

Table Mexichem Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Mexichem Production and Growth Rate

Figure Mexichem Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Solvay Company Profile

Table Solvay Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Solvay Production and Growth Rate

Figure Solvay Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Du Pont Company Profile

Table Du Pont Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Du Pont Production and Growth Rate

Figure Du Pont Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Arkema Company Profile

Table Arkema Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Arkema Production and Growth Rate

Figure Arkema Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Saint-Gobain Company Profile

Table Saint-Gobain Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Saint-Gobain Production and Growth Rate

Figure Saint-Gobain Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Shandong Dongyue Company Profile

Table Shandong Dongyue Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Shandong Dongyue Production and Growth Rate

Figure Shandong Dongyue Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table BASF Company Profile

Table BASF Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure BASF Production and Growth Rate

Figure BASF Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Honeywell Company Profile

Table Honeywell Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Honeywell Production and Growth Rate

Figure Honeywell Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table 3M Company Profile

Table 3M Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure 3M Production and Growth Rate

Figure 3M Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Daikin Industries Company Profile

Table Daikin Industries Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Figure Daikin Industries Production and Growth Rate

Figure Daikin Industries Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)

Figure Global Carboxylnitroso Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Carboxylnitroso Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitroso Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitroso Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Carboxylnitroso (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Carboxylnitroso (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Nitroso (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Nitroso (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)

Figure Global Aerospace Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Aerospace Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Automobile Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Automobile Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Electrical Instrument Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Electrical Instrument Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Rubber Seal Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Global Rubber Seal Price (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Aerospace (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Aerospace (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Automobile (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Automobile (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Electrical Instrument (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Electrical Instrument (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Rubber Seal (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Rubber Seal (2020-2025)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Figure Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)

Table Global Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)

Figure North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure North America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure North America COVID-19 Status

Figure U.S. Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Canada Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Mexico Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Europe Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Europe COVID-19 Status

Figure Germany Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure United Kingdom Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure France Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Italy Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Spain Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Russia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Asia-Pacific Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status

Figure China Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Japan Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South Korea Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Australia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure India Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure South America Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure Brazil Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Argentina Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Columbia Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)

Figure Middle East and Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)

Figure UAE Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure Egypt Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)

Figure South Africa Nitrosofluoro Rubber Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)