Foam Tray-Global Advanced (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa) Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2026

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

• 1.1. Methodology
  • 1.1.1. Initial data exploration
  • 1.1.2. Statistical model and forecast
  • 1.1.3. Industry insights and validation
  • 1.1.4. Definitions forecast parameters
• 1.2. Data sources
  • 1.2.1. Secondary
  • 1.2.2. Primary

2 Market Overview

• 2.1 Foam Tray Introduction
• 2.2 Market Analysis by Type
  • 2.2.1 Polystyrene Foam Tray
  • 2.2.2 Polyethylene Foam Tray
  • 2.2.3 Polypropylene Foam Tray
• 2.3 Market Analysis by Applications
  • 2.3.1 Food Packaging
  • 2.3.2 Industrial Packaging
  • 2.3.3 Medicine Packaging
• 2.4 Market Analysis by Regions
  • 2.4.1 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
    • 2.4.1.1 United States Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.1.2 Canada Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.1.3 Mexico Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
  • 2.4.2 Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
    • 2.4.2.1 Germany Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.2.2 France Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.2.3 UK Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.2.4 Russia Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.2.5 Italy Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
  • 2.4.3 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
    • 2.4.3.1 China Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.3.2 Japan Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.3.3 Korea Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.3.4 India Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.3.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
  • 2.4.4 South America, Middle East and Africa
    • 2.4.4.1 Brazil Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.4.2 Egypt Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.4.3 Saudi Arabia Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.4.4 South Africa Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
    • 2.4.4.5 Nigeria Market States and Outlook (2013-2026)
• 2.5 Market Dynamics
  • 2.5.1 Market Opportunities
  • 2.5.2 Market Risk
  • 2.5.3 Market Driving Force
• 2.6 Market Competition News and Trend
  • 2.6.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
  • 2.6.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
  • 2.6.3 New Product Development and Launch

3 Global Foam Tray Market Competition, by Manufacturer

• 3.1 Global Foam Tray Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2016-2018)
• 3.2 Global Foam Tray Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2016-2018)
• 3.3 Global Foam Tray Price by Manufacturer (2016-2018)
• 3.4 Market Concentration Rate
  • 3.4.1 Top 3 Foam Tray Manufacturer Market Share in 2018
  • 3.4.2 Top 5 Foam Tray Manufacturer Market Share in 2018
• 3.5 Market Competition Trend

4 Manufacturers Profiles

• 4.1 Winpak
  • 4.1.1 Business Overview
    • 4.1.1.1 Winpak Description
    • 4.1.1.2 Winpak Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.1.2 Winpak Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.1.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.1.2.2 Winpak Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.1.3 Winpak Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.1.3.1 Winpak Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.1.3.2 Global Winpak Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.2 Novipax
  • 4.2.1 Business Overview
    • 4.2.1.1 Novipax Description
    • 4.2.1.2 Novipax Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.2.2 Novipax Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.2.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.2.2.2 Novipax Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.2.3 Novipax Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.2.3.1 Novipax Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.2.3.2 Global Novipax Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.3 Pactiv
  • 4.3.1 Business Overview
    • 4.3.1.1 Pactiv Description
    • 4.3.1.2 Pactiv Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.3.2 Pactiv Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.3.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.3.2.2 Pactiv Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.3.3 Pactiv Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.3.3.1 Pactiv Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.3.3.2 Global Pactiv Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.4 Groupe Guillin
  • 4.4.1 Business Overview
    • 4.4.1.1 Groupe Guillin Description
    • 4.4.1.2 Groupe Guillin Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.4.2 Groupe Guillin Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.4.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.4.2.2 Groupe Guillin Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.4.3 Groupe Guillin Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.4.3.1 Groupe Guillin Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.4.3.2 Global Groupe Guillin Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.5 Anchor Packaging
  • 4.5.1 Business Overview
    • 4.5.1.1 Anchor Packaging Description
    • 4.5.1.2 Anchor Packaging Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.5.2 Anchor Packaging Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.5.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.5.2.2 Anchor Packaging Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.5.3 Anchor Packaging Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.5.3.1 Anchor Packaging Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.5.3.2 Global Anchor Packaging Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.6 Coopbox Group
  • 4.6.1 Business Overview
    • 4.6.1.1 Coopbox Group Description
    • 4.6.1.2 Coopbox Group Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.6.2 Coopbox Group Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.6.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.6.2.2 Coopbox Group Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.6.3 Coopbox Group Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.6.3.1 Coopbox Group Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.6.3.2 Global Coopbox Group Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.7 Coveris
  • 4.7.1 Business Overview
    • 4.7.1.1 Coveris Description
    • 4.7.1.2 Coveris Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.7.2 Coveris Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.7.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.7.2.2 Coveris Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.7.3 Coveris Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.7.3.1 Coveris Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.7.3.2 Global Coveris Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.8 Dart Container
  • 4.8.1 Business Overview
    • 4.8.1.1 Dart Container Description
    • 4.8.1.2 Dart Container Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.8.2 Dart Container Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.8.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.8.2.2 Dart Container Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.8.3 Dart Container Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.8.3.1 Dart Container Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.8.3.2 Global Dart Container Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.9 DW Fine Pack
  • 4.9.1 Business Overview
    • 4.9.1.1 DW Fine Pack Description
    • 4.9.1.2 DW Fine Pack Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.9.2 DW Fine Pack Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.9.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.9.2.2 DW Fine Pack Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.9.3 DW Fine Pack Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.9.3.1 DW Fine Pack Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.9.3.2 Global DW Fine Pack Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.10 Ecopax
  • 4.10.1 Business Overview
    • 4.10.1.1 Ecopax Description
    • 4.10.1.2 Ecopax Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.10.2 Ecopax Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.10.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.10.2.2 Ecopax Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.10.3 Ecopax Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.10.3.1 Ecopax Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.10.3.2 Global Ecopax Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.11 Genpak
  • 4.11.1 Business Overview
    • 4.11.1.1 Genpak Description
    • 4.11.1.2 Genpak Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.11.2 Genpak Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.11.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.11.2.2 Genpak Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.11.3 Genpak Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.11.3.1 Genpak Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.11.3.2 Global Genpak Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.12 Placon
  • 4.12.1 Business Overview
    • 4.12.1.1 Placon Description
    • 4.12.1.2 Placon Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.12.2 Placon Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.12.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.12.2.2 Placon Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.12.3 Placon Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.12.3.1 Placon Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.12.3.2 Global Placon Product Name Market Share in 2018
• 4.13 Sirap Group
  • 4.13.1 Business Overview
    • 4.13.1.1 Sirap Group Description
    • 4.13.1.2 Sirap Group Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
  • 4.13.2 Sirap Group Product Name Product Introduction
    • 4.13.2.1 Foam Tray Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
    • 4.13.2.2 Sirap Group Product Name Product Introduction
  • 4.13.3 Sirap Group Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.13.3.1 Sirap Group Product Name Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2018)
    • 4.13.3.2 Global Sirap Group Product Name Market Share in 2018

  5 Global Foam Tray Market Analysis by Regions

  • 5.1 Global Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
    • 5.1.1 Global Foam Tray Sales by Regions (2013-2018)
    • 5.1.2 Global Foam Tray Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)
  • 5.2 North America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 5.3 Europe Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 5.4 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 5.5 South America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 5.6 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

  6 North America Foam Tray by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers

  • 6.1 North America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
    • 6.1.1 North America Foam Tray Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 6.1.2 North America Foam Tray Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 6.1.3 United States Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 6.1.4 Canada Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 6.1.5 Mexico Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 6.2 North America Foam Tray Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 6.2.1 North America Foam Tray Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 6.2.2 North America Foam Tray Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
  • 6.3 North America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 6.3.1 North America Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 6.3.2 North America Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 6.4 North America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 6.4.1 North America Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 6.4.2 North America Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)

  7 Europe Foam Tray by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers

  • 7.1 Europe Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
    • 7.1.1 Europe Foam Tray Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.2 Europe Foam Tray Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.3 Germany Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.4 UK Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.5 France Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.6 Russia Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 7.1.7 Italy Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 7.2 Europe Foam Tray Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 7.2.1 Europe Foam Tray Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 7.2.2 Europe Foam Tray Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
  • 7.3 Europe Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 7.3.1 Europe Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 7.3.2 Europe Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 7.4 Europe Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 7.4.1 Europe Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 7.4.2 Europe Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)

  8 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers

  • 8.1 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
    • 8.1.1 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.2 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.3 China Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.4 Japan Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.5 Korea Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.6 India Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 8.1.7 Southeast Asia Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 8.2 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 8.2.1 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 8.2.2 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
  • 8.3 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 8.3.2 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 8.4 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 8.4.1 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)

  9 South America Foam Tray by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers

  • 9.1 South America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
    • 9.1.1 South America Foam Tray Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 9.1.2 South America Foam Tray Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 9.1.3 Brazil Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 9.1.4 Argentina Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 9.1.5 Colombia Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 9.2 South America Foam Tray Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 9.2.1 South America Foam Tray Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 9.2.2 South America Foam Tray Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
  • 9.3 South America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 9.3.1 South America Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 9.3.2 South America Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 9.4 South America Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 9.4.1 South America Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 9.4.2 South America Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)

  10 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers

  • 10.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
    • 10.1.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.2 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.3 Saudi Arabia Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.4 UAE Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.5 Egypt Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.6 Nigeria Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 10.1.7 South Africa Foam Tray Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 10.2 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 10.2.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
    • 10.2.2 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2018)
  • 10.3 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 10.3.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 10.3.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 10.4 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 10.4.1 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
    • 10.4.2 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)

  11 Global Foam Tray Market Segment by Type

  • 11.1 Global Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 11.1.1 Global Foam Tray Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
    • 11.1.2 Global Foam Tray Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
  • 11.2 Polystyrene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate and Price
    • 11.2.1 Global Polystyrene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 11.2.2 Global Polystyrene Foam Tray Price (2013-2018)
  • 11.3 Polyethylene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate and Price
    • 11.3.1 Global Polyethylene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 11.3.2 Global Polyethylene Foam Tray Price (2013-2018)
  • 11.4 Polypropylene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate and Price
    • 11.4.1 Global Polypropylene Foam Tray Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
    • 11.4.2 Global Polypropylene Foam Tray Price (2013-2018)

  12 Global Foam Tray Market Segment by Application

  • 12.1 Global Foam Tray Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
  • 12.2 Food Packaging Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 12.3 Industrial Packaging Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
  • 12.4 Medicine Packaging Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)

  13 Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)

  • 13.1 Global Foam Tray Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2019-2026)
  • 13.2 Foam Tray Market Forecast by Regions (2019-2026)
    • 13.2.1 North America Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)
    • 13.2.2 Europe Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)
    • 13.2.3 Asia-Pacific Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)
    • 13.2.4 South America Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)
    • 13.2.5 Middle East and Africa Foam Tray Market Forecast (2019-2026)
  • 13.3 Foam Tray Market Forecast by Type (2019-2026)
    • 13.3.1 Global Foam Tray Sales Forecast by Type (2019-2026)
    • 13.3.2 Global Foam Tray Market Share Forecast by Type (2019-2026)
  • 13.4 Foam Tray Market Forecast by Application (2019-2026)
    • 13.4.1 Global Foam Tray Sales Forecast by Application (2019-2026)
    • 13.4.2 Global Foam Tray Market Share Forecast by Application (2019-2026)

  14 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

  • 14.1 Sales Channel
    • 14.1.1 Direct Marketing
    • 14.1.2 Indirect Marketing
    • 14.1.3 Marketing Channel Future Trend
  • 14.2 Market Positioning
    • 14.2.1 Pricing Strategy
    • 14.2.2 Brand Strategy
    • 14.2.3 Target Client
  • 14.3 Distributors, Traders and Dealers

  15 Research Findings and Conclusion