Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Industry Market Research Report

Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Industry Market Research Report

1 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Introduction and Market Overview

• 1.1 Objectives of the Study
• 1.2 Definition of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
• 1.3 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Scope and Market Size Estimation
  • 1.3.1 Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis
  • 1.3.2 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Growth Rate from 2017-2027
• 1.4 Market Segmentation
  • 1.4.1 Types of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 1.4.2 Applications of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 1.4.3 Research Regions
    • 1.4.3.1 North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.2 Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.3 China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.4 Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.5 Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.6 India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
    • 1.4.3.7 South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)
• 1.5 Market Dynamics
  • 1.5.1 Drivers
    • 1.5.1.1 Emerging Countries of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
    • 1.5.1.2 Growing Market of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 1.5.2 Limitations
  • 1.5.3 Opportunities
• 1.6 Industry News and Policies by Regions
  • 1.6.1 Industry News
  • 1.6.2 Industry Policies

2 Industry Chain Analysis

• 2.1 Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Analysis
• 2.2 Major Players of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 2.2.1 Major Players Manufacturing Base and Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail in 2021
  • 2.2.2 Major Players Product Types in 2021
• 2.3 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
  • 2.3.1 Production Process Analysis
  • 2.3.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 2.3.3 Raw Material Cost of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
  • 2.3.4 Labor Cost of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
• 2.4 Market Channel Analysis of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail
• 2.5 Major Downstream Buyers of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Analysis

3 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market, by Type

• 3.1 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
• 3.2 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
• 3.3 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
• 3.4 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Price Analysis by Type (2017-2022)

4 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market, by Application

• 4.1 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
• 4.2 Downstream Buyers by Application
• 4.3 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)

5 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($) by Region (2017-2022)

• 5.1 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
• 5.2 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
• 5.3 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.4 North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.5 Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.6 China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.7 Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.8 Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.9 India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
• 5.10 South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

6 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)

• 6.1 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
• 6.2 North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.3 Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.4 China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.5 Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.6 Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.7 India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
• 6.8 South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

7 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis by Regions

• 7.1 North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.2 Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.3 China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.4 Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.5 Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.6 India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis
• 7.7 South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Status and SWOT Analysis

8 Competitive Landscape

• 8.1 Competitive Profile
• 8.2 German Blooms
  • 8.2.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.2.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.2.3 German Blooms Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.2.4 German Blooms Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.3 The Real Flower Company
  • 8.3.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.3.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.3.3 The Real Flower Company Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.3.4 The Real Flower Company Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.4 Flowerdot
  • 8.4.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.4.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.4.3 Flowerdot Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.4.4 Flowerdot Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.5 Euroflorist
  • 8.5.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.5.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.5.3 Euroflorist Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.5.4 Euroflorist Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.6 Blumen-Koch Berlin
  • 8.6.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.6.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.6.3 Blumen-Koch Berlin Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.6.4 Blumen-Koch Berlin Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.7 House & Garden
  • 8.7.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.7.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.7.3 House & Garden Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.7.4 House & Garden Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.8 Floom
  • 8.8.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.8.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.8.3 Floom Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.8.4 Floom Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.9 Interflora
  • 8.9.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.9.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.9.3 Interflora Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.9.4 Interflora Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021
• 8.10 Flowers in Store
  • 8.10.1 Company Profiles
  • 8.10.2 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Introduction
  • 8.10.3 Flowers in Store Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022
  • 8.10.4 Flowers in Store Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

9 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Analysis and Forecast by Type and Application

• 9.1 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Value ($) & Volume Forecast, by Type (2022-2027)
  • 9.1.1 Potted Plants Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
  • 9.1.2 Cut Flowers Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
• 9.2 Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Value ($) & Volume Forecast, by Application (2022-2027)
  • 9.2.1 Online Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)
  • 9.2.2 Offline Market Value ($) and Volume Forecast (2022-2027)

10 Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Analysis and Forecast by Region

• 10.1 North America Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.2 Europe Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.3 China Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.4 Japan Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.5 Middle East & Africa Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.6 India Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)
• 10.7 South America Market Value ($) and Consumption Forecast (2022-2027)

11 New Project Feasibility Analysis

• 11.1 Industry Barriers and New Entrants SWOT Analysis
• 11.2 Analysis and Suggestions on New Project Investment

12 Research Finding and Conclusion

13 Appendix

• 13.1 Discussion Guide
• 13.2 Knowledge Store: Maia Subscription Portal
• 13.3 Research Data Source
• 13.4 Research Assumptions and Acronyms Used

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Product Picture of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Table Product Specification of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Growth Rate from 2017-2027

Table Different Types of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Segment by Type from 2017-2022

Figure Potted Plants Picture

Figure Cut Flowers Picture

Table Different Applications of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Segment by Applications from 2017-2022

Figure Online Picture

Figure Offline Picture

Table Research Regions of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Figure Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Value ($) and Growth Rate (2017-2022)

Table Emerging Countries of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Table Growing Market of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Industry Chain Analysis of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Table Upstream Raw Material Suppliers of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail with Contact Information

Table Major Players Manufacturing Base and Market Share ($) of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail in 2021

Table Major Players Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Product Types in 2021

Figure Production Process of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Figure Channel Status of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail

Table Major Distributors of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail with Contact Information

Table Major Downstream Buyers of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail with Contact Information

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Share by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Share by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Share by Type (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Growth Rate of Potted Plants

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) and Growth Rate of Cut Flowers

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Price by Type (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption by Application (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table Downstream Buyers Introduction by Application

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate of Online (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate of Offline (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Value ($) Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Value ($), Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Table North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Table South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)

Figure North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure North America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Europe Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure China Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Japan Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure Middle East & Africa Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure India Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Production and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate Analysis

Figure South America Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail SWOT Analysis

Figure Top 3 Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Companies

Figure Top 6 Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Companies

Table Mergers, Acquisitions and Expansion Analysis

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table German Blooms Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure German Blooms Production and Growth Rate

Figure German Blooms Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure German Blooms Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table The Real Flower Company Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure The Real Flower Company Production and Growth Rate

Figure The Real Flower Company Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure The Real Flower Company Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Flowerdot Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Flowerdot Production and Growth Rate

Figure Flowerdot Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Flowerdot Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Euroflorist Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Euroflorist Production and Growth Rate

Figure Euroflorist Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Euroflorist Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Blumen-Koch Berlin Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Blumen-Koch Berlin Production and Growth Rate

Figure Blumen-Koch Berlin Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Blumen-Koch Berlin Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table House & Garden Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure House & Garden Production and Growth Rate

Figure House & Garden Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure House & Garden Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Floom Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Floom Production and Growth Rate

Figure Floom Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Floom Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Interflora Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Interflora Production and Growth Rate

Figure Interflora Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Interflora Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Company Profiles

Table Product Introduction

Table Flowers in Store Production, Value ($), Price, Gross Margin 2017-2022

Figure Flowers in Store Production and Growth Rate

Figure Flowers in Store Value ($) Market Share 2017-2022

Figure Flowers in Store Market Share of Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Segmented by Region in 2021

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Value ($) Forecast, by Type

Table Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Volume Forecast, by Type

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Potted Plants (2022-2027)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Potted Plants (2022-2027)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Cut Flowers (2022-2027)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Cut Flowers (2022-2027)

Table Global Market Value ($) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)

Table Global Market Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate of Online (2017-2022)

Figure Global Flower and Ornamental Plants Retail Consumption and Growth Rate of Offline (2017-2022)

Figure Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Offline (2022-2027)

Figure Market Volume and Growth Rate Forecast of Offline (2022-2027)

Figure North America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table North America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure Europe Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table Europe Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure China Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table China Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure Japan Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table Japan Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure Middle East & Africa Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table Middle East & Africa Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure India Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table India Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure South America Market Value ($) and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Table South America Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)

Figure Industry Resource/Technology/Labor Importance Analysis

Table New Entrants SWOT Analysis

Table New Project Analysis of Investment Recovery