Report Detail
Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery
- RnM4161234 |
- 15 February, 2022 |
- Global |
- 104 Pages |
- Maia Research |
- Equipment
3D optical profiler is a profilometer that uses non-contact technology. They are typically built on advanced optical microscopes, providing the dual advantages of excellent imaging and no contact with the surface being measured. They use a variety of light sources (usually using high-brightness LEDs) to illuminate samples and complex cameras to capture images and then convert the images into height information using techniques such as confocal microscopy or interferometry. 3D optical profilometers can be used in a variety of applications such as automotive and precision machinery, consumer electronics, aerospace and defense, optics and photonics, as well as microfabrication and nanotechnology.
Based on the 3D Optical Profiler market development status, competitive landscape and development model in different regions of the world, this report is dedicated to providing niche markets, potential risks and comprehensive competitive strategy analysis in different fields. From the competitive advantages of different types of products and services, the development opportunities and consumption characteristics and structure analysis of the downstream application fields are all analyzed in detail. To Boost Growth during the epidemic era, this report analyzes in detail for the potential risks and opportunities which can be focused on.
In Chapter 2.4 of the report, we share our perspectives for the impact of COVID-19 from the long and short term.
In chapter 3.4, we provide the influence of the crisis on the industry chain, especially for marketing channels.
In chapters 8-13, we update the timely industry economic revitalization plan of the country-wise government.
Key players in the global 3D Optical Profiler market covered in Chapter 5:
Zeta
Bruker
Nanoscience Instruments
Zygo Corporation
Taylor Hobson Ltd
Sensofar
Filmetrics
In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the 3D Optical Profiler market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Transmitted illumination
Side illumination
In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the 3D Optical Profiler market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Medical
Biology
Industrial
Others
Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historic and forecast (2015-2025) of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8-13:
North America (Covered in Chapter 9)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 10)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Russia
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 11)
China
Japan
South Korea
Australia
India
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Argentina
Columbia
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 13)
UAE
Egypt
South Africa
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
Table of Content
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Market Characteristics
- 1.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Size
- 1.3 Market Segmentation
- 1.4 Global Macroeconomic Analysis
- 1.5 SWOT Analysis
2. Market Dynamics
- 2.1 Market Drivers
- 2.2 Market Constraints and Challenges
- 2.3 Emerging Market Trends
- 2.4 Impact of COVID-19
- 2.4.1 Short-term Impact
- 2.4.2 Long-term Impact
3 Associated Industry Assessment
- 3.1 Supply Chain Analysis
- 3.2 Industry Active Participants
- 3.2.1 Suppliers of Raw Materials
- 3.2.2 Key Distributors/Retailers
- 3.3 Alternative Analysis
- 3.4 The Impact of Covid-19 From the Perspective of Industry Chain
4 Market Competitive Landscape
- 4.1 Industry Leading Players
- 4.2 Industry News
- 4.2.1 Key Product Launch News
- 4.2.2 M&A and Expansion Plans
5 Analysis of Leading Companies
- 5.1 Zeta
- 5.1.1 Zeta Company Profile
- 5.1.2 Zeta Business Overview
- 5.1.3 Zeta 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.1.4 Zeta 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.2 Bruker
- 5.2.1 Bruker Company Profile
- 5.2.2 Bruker Business Overview
- 5.2.3 Bruker 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.2.4 Bruker 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.3 Nanoscience Instruments
- 5.3.1 Nanoscience Instruments Company Profile
- 5.3.2 Nanoscience Instruments Business Overview
- 5.3.3 Nanoscience Instruments 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.3.4 Nanoscience Instruments 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.4 Zygo Corporation
- 5.4.1 Zygo Corporation Company Profile
- 5.4.2 Zygo Corporation Business Overview
- 5.4.3 Zygo Corporation 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.4.4 Zygo Corporation 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.5 Taylor Hobson Ltd
- 5.5.1 Taylor Hobson Ltd Company Profile
- 5.5.2 Taylor Hobson Ltd Business Overview
- 5.5.3 Taylor Hobson Ltd 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.5.4 Taylor Hobson Ltd 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.6 Sensofar
- 5.6.1 Sensofar Company Profile
- 5.6.2 Sensofar Business Overview
- 5.6.3 Sensofar 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.6.4 Sensofar 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
- 5.7 Filmetrics
- 5.7.1 Filmetrics Company Profile
- 5.7.2 Filmetrics Business Overview
- 5.7.3 Filmetrics 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue, Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 5.7.4 Filmetrics 3D Optical Profiler Products Introduction
6 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Product Types
- 6.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
- 6.1.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
- 6.1.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
- 6.1.3 Global 3D Optical Profiler Price by Types (2015-2020)
- 6.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
- 6.2.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
- 6.2.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
- 6.3 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Price and Growth Rate by Types (2015-2020)
- 6.3.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Transmitted illumination
- 6.3.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Price and Growth Rate of Side illumination
- 6.4 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Types (2020-2025)
- 6.4.1 Transmitted illumination Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
- 6.4.2 Side illumination Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
7 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Applications
- 7.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
- 7.1.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
- 7.1.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
- 7.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
- 7.2.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
- 7.2.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2020-2025)
- 7.3 Global Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate by Applications (2015-2020)
- 7.3.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Medical (2015-2020)
- 7.3.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Biology (2015-2020)
- 7.3.3 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Industrial (2015-2020)
- 7.3.4 Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue, Sales and Growth Rate of Others (2015-2020)
- 7.4 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Sales Forecast, by Applications (2020-2025)
- 7.4.1 Medical Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
- 7.4.2 Biology Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
- 7.4.3 Industrial Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
- 7.4.4 Others Market Revenue and Sales Forecast (2020-2025)
8 Market Analysis and Forecast, By Regions
- 8.1 Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
- 8.2 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
- 8.3 Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2025)
9 North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis
- 9.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
- 9.2 North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.3 North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.4 North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast
- 9.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
- 9.6 North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis by Country
- 9.6.1 U.S. 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 9.6.2 Canada 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 9.6.3 Mexico 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
10 Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis
- 10.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
- 10.2 Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 10.3 Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 10.4 Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast
- 10.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
- 10.6 Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis by Country
- 10.6.1 Germany 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 10.6.2 United Kingdom 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 10.6.3 France 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 10.6.4 Italy 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 10.6.5 Spain 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 10.6.6 Russia 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
11 Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis
- 11.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
- 11.2 Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 11.3 Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 11.4 Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast
- 11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
- 11.6 Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis by Country
- 11.6.1 China 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 11.6.2 Japan 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 11.6.3 South Korea 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 11.6.4 Australia 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 11.6.5 India 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
12 South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis
- 12.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
- 12.2 South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 12.3 South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 12.4 South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast
- 12.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
- 12.6 South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis by Country
- 12.6.1 Brazil 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 12.6.2 Argentina 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 12.6.3 Columbia 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
13 Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis
- 13.1 Market Overview and Prospect Analysis
- 13.2 Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 13.3 Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 13.4 Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast
- 13.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
- 13.6 Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Analysis by Country
- 13.6.1 UAE 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 13.6.2 Egypt 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
- 13.6.3 South Africa 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate
14 Conclusions and Recommendations
- 14.1 Key Market Findings and Prospects
- 14.2 Advice for Investors
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Methodology
- 15.2 Research Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Product Picture
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Table 3D Optical Profiler Key Market Segments
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) Segment by Type from 2015-2020
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) Segment by Applications from 2015-2020
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Supply Chain
Table Major Players Headquarters, and Service Area of 3D Optical Profiler
Table Major Players Revenue in 2019
Figure Major Players Revenue Share in 2019
Table Zeta Company Profile
Table Zeta Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Zeta Production and Growth Rate
Figure Zeta Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Bruker Company Profile
Table Bruker Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Bruker Production and Growth Rate
Figure Bruker Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Nanoscience Instruments Company Profile
Table Nanoscience Instruments Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Nanoscience Instruments Production and Growth Rate
Figure Nanoscience Instruments Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Zygo Corporation Company Profile
Table Zygo Corporation Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Zygo Corporation Production and Growth Rate
Figure Zygo Corporation Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Taylor Hobson Ltd Company Profile
Table Taylor Hobson Ltd Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Taylor Hobson Ltd Production and Growth Rate
Figure Taylor Hobson Ltd Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Sensofar Company Profile
Table Sensofar Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Sensofar Production and Growth Rate
Figure Sensofar Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Filmetrics Company Profile
Table Filmetrics Sales, Revenue (US$ Million), Average Selling Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
Figure Filmetrics Production and Growth Rate
Figure Filmetrics Market Revenue ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue Share by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Price ($) by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue Share by Types (2020-2025)
Figure Global Transmitted illumination Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Transmitted illumination Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Side illumination Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Side illumination Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Transmitted illumination (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Transmitted illumination (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Side illumination (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Side illumination (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue ($) by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Figure Global Medical Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Medical Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Biology Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Biology Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Industrial Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Industrial Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Others Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Medical (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Medical (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Biology (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Biology (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Industrial (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Industrial (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue ($) and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate Forecast of Others (2020-2025)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Sales Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global 3D Optical Profiler Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) by Regions (2020-2025)
Table Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue Share by Regions (2020-2025)
Figure North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure North America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure U.S. 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Europe 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Germany 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Russia 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure China 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Australia 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure South America 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure Brazil 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Argentina 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Columbia 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Sales (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Forecast Revenue ($) (2020-2025)
Figure UAE 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Egypt 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa 3D Optical Profiler Market Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Summary:
Get latest Market Research Reports on 3D Optical Profiler. Industry analysis & Market Report on 3D Optical Profiler is a syndicated market report, published as Global 3D Optical Profiler Market Research Report with Opportunities and Strategies to Boost Growth- COVID-19 Impact and Recovery. It is complete Research Study and Industry Analysis of 3D Optical Profiler market, to understand, Market Demand, Growth, trends analysis and Factor Influencing market.
REPORT YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED
Related Reports
Reason to Buy
Reports and Markets
Contact Us
+1-352-353-0818 (US)Newsletter
KEEP UP TO DATE ON ALL THE LATEST REPORTS
