Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Introduction
- 1.2 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.2.1 Overview: Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue by Type: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025
- 1.2.2 Flush Toilet
- 1.2.3 Siphon Toilet
- 1.2.4 Other
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue by Application: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025
- 1.3.2 Commercial Application
- 1.3.3 Residential Application
- 1.3.4 Other
- 1.4 Overview of Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market
- 1.4.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Status and Outlook (2015-2025)
- 1.4.2 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
- 1.4.3 Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia and Italy)
- 1.4.4 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
- 1.4.5 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 1.5 Market Dynamics
- 1.5.1 Market Opportunities
- 1.5.2 Market Risk
- 1.5.3 Market Driving Force
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Duravit
- 2.1.1 Duravit Details
- 2.1.2 Duravit Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.1.3 Duravit SWOT Analysis
- 2.1.4 Duravit Product and Services
- 2.1.5 Duravit Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.2 VitrA
- 2.2.1 VitrA Details
- 2.2.2 VitrA Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.2.3 VitrA SWOT Analysis
- 2.2.4 VitrA Product and Services
- 2.2.5 VitrA Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.3 Kohler
- 2.3.1 Kohler Details
- 2.3.2 Kohler Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.3.3 Kohler SWOT Analysis
- 2.3.4 Kohler Product and Services
- 2.3.5 Kohler Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.4 Grohe
- 2.4.1 Grohe Details
- 2.4.2 Grohe Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.4.3 Grohe SWOT Analysis
- 2.4.4 Grohe Product and Services
- 2.4.5 Grohe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.5 Villeroy & Boch
- 2.5.1 Villeroy & Boch Details
- 2.5.2 Villeroy & Boch Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.5.3 Villeroy & Boch SWOT Analysis
- 2.5.4 Villeroy & Boch Product and Services
- 2.5.5 Villeroy & Boch Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.6 Hindware Homes
- 2.6.1 Hindware Homes Details
- 2.6.2 Hindware Homes Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.6.3 Hindware Homes SWOT Analysis
- 2.6.4 Hindware Homes Product and Services
- 2.6.5 Hindware Homes Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.7 Sonas
- 2.7.1 Sonas Details
- 2.7.2 Sonas Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.7.3 Sonas SWOT Analysis
- 2.7.4 Sonas Product and Services
- 2.7.5 Sonas Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.8 Caroma
- 2.8.1 Caroma Details
- 2.8.2 Caroma Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.8.3 Caroma SWOT Analysis
- 2.8.4 Caroma Product and Services
- 2.8.5 Caroma Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.9 TOTO
- 2.9.1 TOTO Details
- 2.9.2 TOTO Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.9.3 TOTO SWOT Analysis
- 2.9.4 TOTO Product and Services
- 2.9.5 TOTO Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.10 Seima
- 2.10.1 Seima Details
- 2.10.2 Seima Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.10.3 Seima SWOT Analysis
- 2.10.4 Seima Product and Services
- 2.10.5 Seima Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.11 Lecico
- 2.11.1 Lecico Details
- 2.11.2 Lecico Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.11.3 Lecico SWOT Analysis
- 2.11.4 Lecico Product and Services
- 2.11.5 Lecico Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.12 Roca Sanitario
- 2.12.1 Roca Sanitario Details
- 2.12.2 Roca Sanitario Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.12.3 Roca Sanitario SWOT Analysis
- 2.12.4 Roca Sanitario Product and Services
- 2.12.5 Roca Sanitario Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.13 Twyford
- 2.13.1 Twyford Details
- 2.13.2 Twyford Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.13.3 Twyford SWOT Analysis
- 2.13.4 Twyford Product and Services
- 2.13.5 Twyford Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.14 BAGNODESIGN
- 2.14.1 BAGNODESIGN Details
- 2.14.2 BAGNODESIGN Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.14.3 BAGNODESIGN SWOT Analysis
- 2.14.4 BAGNODESIGN Product and Services
- 2.14.5 BAGNODESIGN Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.15 PARISI Bathware and Doorware
- 2.15.1 PARISI Bathware and Doorware Details
- 2.15.2 PARISI Bathware and Doorware Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.15.3 PARISI Bathware and Doorware SWOT Analysis
- 2.15.4 PARISI Bathware and Doorware Product and Services
- 2.15.5 PARISI Bathware and Doorware Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.16 Laufen
- 2.16.1 Laufen Details
- 2.16.2 Laufen Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.16.3 Laufen SWOT Analysis
- 2.16.4 Laufen Product and Services
- 2.16.5 Laufen Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.17 Verotti
- 2.17.1 Verotti Details
- 2.17.2 Verotti Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.17.3 Verotti SWOT Analysis
- 2.17.4 Verotti Product and Services
- 2.17.5 Verotti Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.18 Enware Australia
- 2.18.1 Enware Australia Details
- 2.18.2 Enware Australia Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.18.3 Enware Australia SWOT Analysis
- 2.18.4 Enware Australia Product and Services
- 2.18.5 Enware Australia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.19 RAK Ceramics
- 2.19.1 RAK Ceramics Details
- 2.19.2 RAK Ceramics Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.19.3 RAK Ceramics SWOT Analysis
- 2.19.4 RAK Ceramics Product and Services
- 2.19.5 RAK Ceramics Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.20 Flaminia
- 2.20.1 Flaminia Details
- 2.20.2 Flaminia Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.20.3 Flaminia SWOT Analysis
- 2.20.4 Flaminia Product and Services
- 2.20.5 Flaminia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.21 Sphinx
- 2.21.1 Sphinx Details
- 2.21.2 Sphinx Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.21.3 Sphinx SWOT Analysis
- 2.21.4 Sphinx Product and Services
- 2.21.5 Sphinx Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.22 CERAMICA FLAMINIA
- 2.22.1 CERAMICA FLAMINIA Details
- 2.22.2 CERAMICA FLAMINIA Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.22.3 CERAMICA FLAMINIA SWOT Analysis
- 2.22.4 CERAMICA FLAMINIA Product and Services
- 2.22.5 CERAMICA FLAMINIA Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.23 Twyford
- 2.23.1 Twyford Details
- 2.23.2 Twyford Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.23.3 Twyford SWOT Analysis
- 2.23.4 Twyford Product and Services
- 2.23.5 Twyford Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.24 KOLO
- 2.24.1 KOLO Details
- 2.24.2 KOLO Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.24.3 KOLO SWOT Analysis
- 2.24.4 KOLO Product and Services
- 2.24.5 KOLO Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.25 Keramag
- 2.25.1 Keramag Details
- 2.25.2 Keramag Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.25.3 Keramag SWOT Analysis
- 2.25.4 Keramag Product and Services
- 2.25.5 Keramag Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.26 GSG Ceramic Design
- 2.26.1 GSG Ceramic Design Details
- 2.26.2 GSG Ceramic Design Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.26.3 GSG Ceramic Design SWOT Analysis
- 2.26.4 GSG Ceramic Design Product and Services
- 2.26.5 GSG Ceramic Design Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.27 IfO
- 2.27.1 IfO Details
- 2.27.2 IfO Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.27.3 IfO SWOT Analysis
- 2.27.4 IfO Product and Services
- 2.27.5 IfO Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.28 Foremost
- 2.28.1 Foremost Details
- 2.28.2 Foremost Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.28.3 Foremost SWOT Analysis
- 2.28.4 Foremost Product and Services
- 2.28.5 Foremost Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2019)
- 3.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2019)
- 3.3 Market Concentration Rate
- 3.3.1 Top 3 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Manufacturer Market Share in 2019
- 3.3.2 Top 6 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Manufacturer Market Share in 2019
- 3.4 Market Competition Trend
4 Global Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
- 4.1.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.1.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.2 North America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.3 Europe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.5 South America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5 North America by Country
- 5.1 North America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 5.1.1 North America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 5.1.2 North America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 5.2 United States Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 5.3 Canada Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 5.4 Mexico Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6 Europe by Country
- 6.1 Europe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 6.1.1 Europe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 6.1.2 Europe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 6.2 Germany Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.3 UK Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.4 France Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.5 Russia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.6 Italy Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7 Asia-Pacific by Regions
- 7.1 Asia-Pacific Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
- 7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 7.2 China Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.3 Japan Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.4 Korea Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.5 India Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.6 Southeast Asia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.7 Australia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8 South America by Country
- 8.1 South America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 8.1.1 South America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 8.1.2 South America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 8.2 Brazil Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 8.3 Argentina Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9 Middle East & Africa by Countries
- 9.1 Middle East & Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 9.1.1 Middle East & Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 9.1.2 Middle East & Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 9.2 Saudi Arabia Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.3 Turkey Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.4 Egypt Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.5 South Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10 Market Segment by Type
- 10.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 10.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 10.3 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Price by Type (2015-2020)
11 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Segment by Application
- 11.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 11.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Revenue Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 11.3 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Price by Application (2015-2020)
12 Market Forecast
- 12.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast by Regions (2021-2025)
- 12.2.1 North America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.2 Europe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.3 Asia-Pacific Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.4 South America Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.5 Middle East & Africa Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.3 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.3.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.3.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.4 Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
- 12.4.1 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Sales Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
- 12.4.2 Global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
- 13.1 Sales Channel
- 13.1.1 Direct Marketing
- 13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
- 13.2 Distributors, Traders and Dealers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Methodology
- 15.2 Data Source
- 15.3 Disclaimer
Market Overview
The global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025, with a CAGR of xx% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025 and will expected to reach USD xx million by 2025, from USD xx million in 2019.
The Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
Market segmentation
Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2015-2025, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
By Type, Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market has been segmented into
Flush Toilet
Siphon Toilet
Other
By Application, Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets has been segmented into:
Commercial Application
Residential Application
Other
Regions and Countries Level Analysis
Regional analysis is another highly comprehensive part of the research and analysis study of the global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market presented in the report. This section sheds light on the sales growth of different regional and country-level Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets markets. For the historical and forecast period 2015 to 2025, it provides detailed and accurate country-wise volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the global Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market.
The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market in important countries (regions), including:
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)
Competitive Landscape and Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets Market Share Analysis
Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets competitive landscape provides details by vendors, including company overview, company total revenue (financials), market potential, global presence, Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets sales and revenue generated, market share, price, production sites and facilities, SWOT analysis, product launch. For the period 2015-2020, this study provides the Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets sales, revenue and market share for each player covered in this report.
The major players covered in Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets are:
Duravit
VitrA
Kohler
Grohe
Villeroy & Boch
Hindware Homes
Sonas
Caroma
TOTO
Seima
Lecico
Roca Sanitario
Twyford
BAGNODESIGN
PARISI Bathware and Doorware
Laufen
Verotti
Enware Australia
RAK Ceramics
Flaminia
Sphinx
CERAMICA FLAMINIA
Twyford
KOLO
Keramag
GSG Ceramic Design
IfO
Foremost
Among other players domestic and global, Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America separately. Global Info Research analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets in 2018 and 2019.
Chapter 3, the Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 12, Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Wall Hung Rimfree Toilets sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.