Table of Contents

Section 1 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Definition

Section 2 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Manufacturer Share and Market Overview

• 2.1 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments
• 2.2 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue
• 2.3 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Overview

Section 3 Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction

• 3.1 ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction
  • 3.1.1 ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019
  • 3.1.2 ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution by Region
  • 3.1.3 ICE Interview Record
  • 3.1.4 ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Profile
  • 3.1.5 ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification
• 3.2 Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction
  • 3.2.1 Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019
  • 3.2.2 Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution by Region
  • 3.2.3 Interview Record
  • 3.2.4 Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview
  • 3.2.5 Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification
• 3.3 Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction
  • 3.3.1 Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019
  • 3.3.2 Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution by Region
  • 3.3.3 Interview Record
  • 3.3.4 Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview
  • 3.3.5 Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification
• 3.4 Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction
  • 3.4.1 Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019
  • 3.4.2 Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution by Region
  • 3.4.3 Interview Record
  • 3.4.4 Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview
  • 3.4.5 Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification
• 3.5 PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Introduction
  • 3.5.1 PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019
  • 3.5.2 PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution by Region
  • 3.5.3 Interview Record
  • 3.5.4 PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview
  • 3.5.5 PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Section 4 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level)

• 4.1 North America Country
  • 4.1.1 United States Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.1.2 Canada Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.1.3 North America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.2 South America Country
  • 4.2.1 South America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.3 Asia Country
  • 4.3.1 China Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.3.2 Japan Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.3.3 India Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.3.4 Korea Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.3.5 Southeast Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.3.6 Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.4 Europe Country
  • 4.4.1 Germany Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.4.2 UK Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.4.3 France Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.4.4 Russia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.4.5 Europe Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.5 Africa Country
  • 4.2.1 Africa Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.6 Other Country and Region
  • 4.6.1 Middle East Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
  • 4.6.2 GCC Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.7 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis 2014-2019
• 4.7 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis

Section 5 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level)

• 5.1 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-2019
• 5.2 Different Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Type Price 2014-2019
• 5.3 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Analysis

Section 6 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level)

• 6.1 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size 2014-2019
• 6.2 Different Industry Price 2014-2019
• 6.3 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Analysis

Section 7 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level)

• 7.1 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume and Share 2014-2019
• 7.2 Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Analysis

Section 8 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Forecast 2018-2023

• 8.1 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Forecast (Region Level)
• 8.2 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Forecast (Product Type Level)
• 8.3 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Forecast (Industry Level)
• 8.4 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Forecast (Channel Level)

Section 9 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Product Type

• 9.1 Synthetic Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Introduction
• 9.2 Extraction Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Introduction
• 9.3 Product Introduction
• 9.4 Product Introduction
• 9.5 Product Introduction

Section 10 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Industry

• 10.1 Pharmacy Clients
• 10.2 Health Products Clients
• 10.3 Clients
• 10.4 Clients
• 10.5 Clients

Section 11 Ursodeoxycholic Acid Cost of Production Analysis

• 11.1 Raw Material Cost Analysis
• 11.2 Technology Cost Analysis
• 11.3 Labor Cost Analysis
• 11.4 Cost Overview

Section 12 Conclusion

13 Methodology and Data Source

• 13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  • 13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  • 13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  • 13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
• 13.2 Data Source
  • 13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  • 13.2.2 Primary Sources
• 13.3 Disclaimer

Chart and Figure

Figure Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Picture from ICE

Chart 2014-2019 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments (Units)

Chart 2014-2019 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2014 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2015 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2016 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2017 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2018 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments Share

Chart 2014-2019 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue (Million USD)

Chart 2014-2019 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart 2014 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart 2015 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart 2016 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart 2017 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart 2018 Global Manufacturer Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Revenue Share

Chart ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019

Chart ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution

Chart ICE Interview Record (Partly)

Chart ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Profile

Table ICE Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Chart Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019

Chart Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution

Chart Grindeks Interview Record (Partly)

Chart Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview

Table Grindeks Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Chart Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019

Chart Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution

Chart Mitsubishi Interview Record (Partly)

Chart Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview

Table Mitsubishi Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Chart Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019

Chart Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution

Chart Daewoong chemical Interview Record (Partly)

Chart Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview

Table Daewoong chemical Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Chart PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2019

Chart PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Distribution

Chart PharmaZell GmbH Interview Record (Partly)

Chart PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Business Overview

Table PharmaZell GmbH Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Specification

Chart United States Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart United States Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Canada Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Canada Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart North America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart North America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart South America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart South America Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart China Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart China Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Japan Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Japan Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart India Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart India Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Korea Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Korea Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Southeast Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Southeast Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Asia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Germany Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Germany Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart UK Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart UK Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart France Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart France Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Russia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Russia Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Europe Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Europe Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Africa Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Africa Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Middle East Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Middle East Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart GCC Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart GCC Ursodeoxycholic Acid Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014-2019 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2015 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2016 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2017 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2018 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014-2019 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2015 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2016 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2017 Share

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2018 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) 2014-2019

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2014-2019 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2014 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2015 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2016 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2017 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2018 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2014-2019

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-2019 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2015 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2016 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2017 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2018 Share

Chart Different Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Type Price ($/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014-2019

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014-2019 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2015 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2016 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2017 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2018 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014-2019

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014-2019 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2015 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2016 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2017 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2018 Share

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Price ($/Unit) 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume (Units) 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2014-2019

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2014

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2015

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2016

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2017

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2018

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Sales Volume (Unit) Forecast (Region Level) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Sales Volume Forecast (Region Level) Share 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Size (Million USD) Forecast (Region Level) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Segmentation Market Size Forecast (Region Level) Share 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) Share 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) Share 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2018-2023

Chart Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) Share 2018-2023

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume (Units) 2018-2023

Chart Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2018-2023

Chart Synthetic Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Figure

Chart Synthetic Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison

Chart Extraction Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Figure

Chart Extraction Ursodeoxycholic Acid Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison

Chart Product Figure

Chart Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison

Chart Product Figure

Chart Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison

Chart Product Figure

Chart Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison

Chart Pharmacy Clients

Chart Health Products Clients

Chart Clients

Chart Clients

Chart Clients

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Global Ursodeoxycholic Acid Market Report 2019
Full Report: 2350 USD
Multi License (Section): 4700 USD
Section Price: As below
Page: 115
Chart and Figure: 124
Publisher: BisReport
Delivery Time: 24 hour
Contact:
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With the slowdown in world economic growth, the Ursodeoxycholic Acid industry has also suffered a certain impact, but still maintained a relatively optimistic growth, the past four years, Ursodeoxycholic Acid market size to maintain the average annual growth rate of 5.24% from 550 million $ in 2014 to 710 million $ in 2019, BisReport analysts believe that in the next few years, Ursodeoxycholic Acid market size will be further expanded, we expect that by 2024, The market size of the Ursodeoxycholic Acid will reach 1140 million $.
This Report covers the manufacturers’ data, including: shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better. This report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size, volume and value, as well as price data.
Besides, the report also covers segment data, including: type segment, industry segment, channel segment etc. cover different segment market size, both volume and value. Also cover different industries clients information, which is very important for the manufacturers. If you need more information, please contact BisReport

Section 1: Free——Definition

Section (2 3): 1200 USD——Manufacturer Detail
ICE
Grindeks
Mitsubishi
Daewoong chemical
PharmaZell GmbH
Dipharma Francis
Zhangshanbelling
Erregierre
Abil Chempharma
Biotavia Labs
Suzhou Tianlu
Arcelor Chemicals

Section 4: 900 USD——Region Segmentation
North America Country (United States, Canada)
South America
Asia Country (China, Japan, India, Korea)
Europe Country (Germany, UK, France, Italy)
Other Country (Middle East, Africa, GCC)

Section (5 6 7): 500 USD——
Product Type Segmentation (Synthetic Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Extraction Ursodeoxycholic Acid, , , )
Industry Segmentation (Pharmacy, Health Products, , , )
Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor) Segmentation

Section 8: 400 USD——Trend (2018-2023)

Section 9: 300 USD——Product Type Detail

Section 10: 700 USD——Downstream Consumer

Section 11: 200 USD——Cost Structure

Section 12: 500 USD——Conclusion