Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Analysis 2016-2020 and Forecast 2021-2026
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Industry Overview
- 1.1 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Industry
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Industry Chain Structure
- 1.1.1 Overview
- 1.1.2 Development of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
- 1.2.1 Upstream
Table Upstream Segment of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
- 1.2.2 Downstream
Table Application Segment of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2026, by Application, in USD Million
- 1.2.3 COVID-19 Impact
2 Industry Environment (PEST Analysis)
- 2.1 Policy
- 2.2 Economics
- 2.3 Sociology
- 2.4 Technology
3 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market by Type
- 3.1 By Type
- 3.1.1 Pressure Sensors
Table Major Company List of Pressure Sensors
- 3.1.2 Torque Sensors
Table Major Company List of Torque Sensors
- 3.1.3 Viscosity Sensors
Table Major Company List of Viscosity Sensors
- 3.1.4 Chemical Sensors
Table Major Company List of Chemical Sensors
- 3.1.5 Humidity Sensors
Table Major Company List of Humidity Sensors
- 3.1.6 Mass Sensors
Table Major Company List of Mass Sensors
- 3.1.7 Temperature Sensors
Table Major Company List of Temperature Sensors
- 3.1.8 Others
Table Major Company List of Others
- 3.2 Market Size
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Type, in USD Million
Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2016-2020, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Type, in Volume
Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2016-2020, by Type, in Volume
- 3.3 Market Forecast
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Type, in Volume
4 Major Companies List
- 4.1 API Technologies (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.1.1 API Technologies Profile
Table API Technologies Overview List
- 4.1.2 API Technologies Products & Services
- 4.1.3 API Technologies Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of API Technologies (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.2 Vectron International (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.2.1 Vectron International Profile
Table Vectron International Overview List
- 4.2.2 Vectron International Products & Services
- 4.2.3 Vectron International Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Vectron International (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.3 AVX Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.3.1 AVX Corporation Profile
Table AVX Corporation Overview List
- 4.3.2 AVX Corporation Products & Services
- 4.3.3 AVX Corporation Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of AVX Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.4 Boston Piezo-Optics (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.4.1 Boston Piezo-Optics Profile
Table Boston Piezo-Optics Overview List
- 4.4.2 Boston Piezo-Optics Products & Services
- 4.4.3 Boston Piezo-Optics Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Boston Piezo-Optics (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.5 Ceramtec (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.5.1 Ceramtec Profile
Table Ceramtec Overview List
- 4.5.2 Ceramtec Products & Services
- 4.5.3 Ceramtec Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Ceramtec (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.6 CTS Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.6.1 CTS Corporation Profile
Table CTS Corporation Overview List
- 4.6.2 CTS Corporation Products & Services
- 4.6.3 CTS Corporation Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of CTS Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.7 Epcos (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.7.1 Epcos Profile
Table Epcos Overview List
- 4.7.2 Epcos Products & Services
- 4.7.3 Epcos Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Epcos (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.8 Honeywell International (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.8.1 Honeywell International Profile
Table Honeywell International Overview List
- 4.8.2 Honeywell International Products & Services
- 4.8.3 Honeywell International Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Honeywell International (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.9 Teledyne Microwave Solutions (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.9.1 Teledyne Microwave Solutions Profile
Table Teledyne Microwave Solutions Overview List
- 4.9.2 Teledyne Microwave Solutions Products & Services
- 4.9.3 Teledyne Microwave Solutions Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Teledyne Microwave Solutions (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.10 Murata Manufacturing (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.10.1 Murata Manufacturing Profile
Table Murata Manufacturing Overview List
- 4.10.2 Murata Manufacturing Products & Services
- 4.10.3 Murata Manufacturing Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Murata Manufacturing (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.11 Panasonic (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.11.1 Panasonic Profile
Table Panasonic Overview List
- 4.11.2 Panasonic Products & Services
- 4.11.3 Panasonic Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Panasonic (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.12 Raltron Electronics (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.12.1 Raltron Electronics Profile
Table Raltron Electronics Overview List
- 4.12.2 Raltron Electronics Products & Services
- 4.12.3 Raltron Electronics Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Raltron Electronics (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
5 Market Competition
- 5.1 Company Competition
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue 2016-2020, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue Share 2016-2020, by Company, in USD Million
Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue Share in 2020, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume 2016-2020, by Company, in Volume
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume Share 2016-2020, by Company, in Volume
Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume Share in 2020, by Company, in Volume
- 5.2 Regional Market by Company
Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Market Concentration, in 2020
Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor MMarket Concentration, in 2020
Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
6 Demand by End Market
- 6.1 Demand Situation
- 6.1.1 Demand in Automotive
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Automotive, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Automotive, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.1.2 Demand in Aerospace and Defence
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Aerospace and Defence, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Aerospace and Defence, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.1.3 Demand in Consumer Electronics
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Consumer Electronics, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Consumer Electronics, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.1.4 Demand in Healthcare
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Healthcare, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Healthcare, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.1.5 Demand in Industrial
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Industrial, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Industrial, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.1.6 Demand in Others
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Others, 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Others, 2016-2020, in Volume
- 6.2 Regional Demand Comparison
Table Regional Demand Comparison List
Table Major Application in Different Regions
- 6.3 Demand Forecast
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand Forecast 2021-2026, by Application, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2021-2026, by Application, in USD Million
Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share in 2026, by Application, in USD Million
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand Forecast 2021-2026, by Application, in Volume
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2021-2026, by Application, in Volume
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share in 2026, by Application, in Volume
- 6.4 Impact of the COVID-19 on the Demand
7 Region Operation
- 7.1 Regional Production
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Production 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Production 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
- 7.2 Regional Market
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
- 7.3 by Region
- 7.3.1 North America
- 7.3.1.1 Overview
Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
- 7.3.1.2 by Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
- 7.3.1 North America
Table North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
Table North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.2 Europe
- 7.3.2.1 Overview
Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
- 7.3.2.2 by Country (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)
Table Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
Table Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.3 Asia-Pacific
- 7.3.3.1 Overview
Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
- 7.3.3.2 by Country (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)
Table Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
Table Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.4 South America
- 7.3.4.1 Overview
Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
- 7.3.4.2 by Country (Brazil, Argentina etc.)
Table South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
Table South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.5 Middle East & Africa
- 7.3.5.1 Overview
Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
- 7.3.5.2 by Country (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)
Table Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
Table Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
- 7.4 Regional Import & Export
- 7.5 Regional Forecast
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Region, in USD Million
Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Region, in Volume
8 Marketing & Price
- 8.1 Price and Margin
- 8.1.1 Price Trends
- 8.1.2 Factors of Price Change
Table Price Factors List
- 8.1.3 Manufacturers Gross Margin Analysis
Figure Marketing Channels Overview
9 Research Conclusion
List of Table
List of Table
1. Table Upstream Segment of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
2. Table Application Segment of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor
3. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2026, by Application, in USD Million
4. Table Major Company List of Torque Sensors
5. Table Major Company List of Viscosity Sensors
6. Table Major Company List of Chemical Sensors
7. Table Major Company List of Humidity Sensors
8. Table Major Company List of Mass Sensors
9. Table Major Company List of Temperature Sensors
10. Table Major Company List of Others
11. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Type, in USD Million
12. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Type, in Volume
13. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Type, in USD Million
14. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Type, in Volume
15. Table API Technologies Overview List
16. Table Business Operation of API Technologies (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
17. Table Vectron International Overview List
18. Table Business Operation of Vectron International (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
19. Table AVX Corporation Overview List
20. Table Business Operation of AVX Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
21. Table Boston Piezo-Optics Overview List
22. Table Business Operation of Boston Piezo-Optics (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
23. Table Ceramtec Overview List
24. Table Business Operation of Ceramtec (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
25. Table CTS Corporation Overview List
26. Table Business Operation of CTS Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
27. Table Epcos Overview List
28. Table Business Operation of Epcos (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
29. Table Honeywell International Overview List
30. Table Business Operation of Honeywell International (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
31. Table Teledyne Microwave Solutions Overview List
32. Table Business Operation of Teledyne Microwave Solutions (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
33. Table Murata Manufacturing Overview List
34. Table Business Operation of Murata Manufacturing (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
35. Table Panasonic Overview List
36. Table Business Operation of Panasonic (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
37. Table Raltron Electronics Overview List
38. Table Business Operation of Raltron Electronics (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
39. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue 2016-2020, by Company, in USD Million
40. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue Share 2016-2020, by Company, in USD Million
41. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume 2016-2020, by Company, in Volume
42. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume Share 2016-2020, by Company, in Volume
43. Table Regional Demand Comparison List
44. Table Major Application in Different Regions
45. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand Forecast 2021-2026, by Application, in USD Million
46. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand Forecast 2021-2026, by Application, in Volume
47. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2021-2026, by Application, in Volume
48. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share in 2026, by Application, in Volume
49. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Production 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
50. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Production 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
51. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
52. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share 2016-2020, by Region, in USD Million
53. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
54. Table Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share 2016-2020, by Region, in Volume
55. Table North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
56. Table North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
57. Table Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
58. Table Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
59. Table Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
60. Table Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
61. Table South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
62. Table South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
63. Table Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in USD Million
64. Table Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size 2016-2020, by Country, in Volume
65. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Region, in USD Million
66. Table Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Forecast 2021-2026, by Region, in Volume
67. Table Price Factors List
List of Figure
List of Figure
1. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Industry Chain Structure
2. Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2016-2020, by Type, in USD Million
3. Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2016-2020, by Type, in Volume
4. Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Revenue Share in 2020, by Company, in USD Million
5. Figure Global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Sales Volume Share in 2020, by Company, in Volume
6. Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
7. Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Market Concentration, in 2020
8. Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor MMarket Concentration, in 2020
9. Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
10. Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Concentration, in 2020
11. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Automotive, 2016-2020, in USD Million
12. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Automotive, 2016-2020, in Volume
13. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Aerospace and Defence, 2016-2020, in USD Million
14. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Aerospace and Defence, 2016-2020, in Volume
15. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Consumer Electronics, 2016-2020, in USD Million
16. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Consumer Electronics, 2016-2020, in Volume
17. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Healthcare, 2016-2020, in USD Million
18. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Healthcare, 2016-2020, in Volume
19. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Industrial, 2016-2020, in USD Million
20. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Industrial, 2016-2020, in Volume
21. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Others, 2016-2020, in USD Million
22. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Demand in Others, 2016-2020, in Volume
23. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Growth 2021-2026, by Application, in USD Million
24. Figure Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Share in 2026, by Application, in USD Million
25. Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
26. Figure North America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
27. Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
28. Figure Europe Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
29. Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
30. Figure Asia-Pacific Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
31. Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
32. Figure South America Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
33. Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in USD Million
34. Figure Middle East & Africa Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Market Size and Growth 2016-2020, in Volume
35. Figure Marketing Channels Overview
Snapshot
The global Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor market size is estimated at xxx million USD with a CAGR xx% from 2016-2020 and is expected to reach xxx Million USD in 2021 with a CAGR xx% from 2021 to 2026. The report begins from overview of Industry Chain structure, and describes industry environment, then analyses market size and forecast of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor by product, region and application, in addition, this report introduces market competition situation among the vendors and company profile, besides, market price analysis and value chain features are covered in this report.
Product Type Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Major Company of Product Type etc.):
Pressure Sensors
Torque Sensors
Viscosity Sensors
Chemical Sensors
Humidity Sensors
Mass Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Others
Company Coverage (Company Profile, Sales Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Main Products etc.):
API Technologies
Vectron International
AVX Corporation
Boston Piezo-Optics
Ceramtec
CTS Corporation
Epcos
Honeywell International
Teledyne Microwave Solutions
Murata Manufacturing
Panasonic
Raltron Electronics
Application Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Different Demand Market by Region, Main Consumer Profile etc.):
Automotive
Aerospace and Defence
Consumer Electronics
Healthcare
Industrial
Others
Region Coverage (Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)
South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)