Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Market 2024 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Sandalwood Essential Oil
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.3.2 Indian Sandalwood Essential Oil
- 1.3.3 Australian Sandalwood Essential Oil
- 1.3.4 Others
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.4.2 Cosmetics Industry
- 1.4.3 Pharmaceuticals Industry
- 1.4.4 Others
- 1.5 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
- 1.5.2 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity (2019-2030)
- 1.5.3 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Average Price (2019-2030)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 DoTERRA International
- 2.1.1 DoTERRA International Details
- 2.1.2 DoTERRA International Major Business
- 2.1.3 DoTERRA International Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.1.4 DoTERRA International Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.1.5 DoTERRA International Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Eden Botanicals
- 2.2.1 Eden Botanicals Details
- 2.2.2 Eden Botanicals Major Business
- 2.2.3 Eden Botanicals Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Eden Botanicals Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.2.5 Eden Botanicals Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 TFS Corporation
- 2.3.1 TFS Corporation Details
- 2.3.2 TFS Corporation Major Business
- 2.3.3 TFS Corporation Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.3.4 TFS Corporation Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.3.5 TFS Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Santanol Group
- 2.4.1 Santanol Group Details
- 2.4.2 Santanol Group Major Business
- 2.4.3 Santanol Group Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Santanol Group Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.4.5 Santanol Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 RK-Essential Oils Company
- 2.5.1 RK-Essential Oils Company Details
- 2.5.2 RK-Essential Oils Company Major Business
- 2.5.3 RK-Essential Oils Company Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.5.4 RK-Essential Oils Company Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.5.5 RK-Essential Oils Company Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 Meena Perfumery
- 2.6.1 Meena Perfumery Details
- 2.6.2 Meena Perfumery Major Business
- 2.6.3 Meena Perfumery Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.6.4 Meena Perfumery Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.6.5 Meena Perfumery Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Royal Aroma
- 2.7.1 Royal Aroma Details
- 2.7.2 Royal Aroma Major Business
- 2.7.3 Royal Aroma Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Royal Aroma Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.7.5 Royal Aroma Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Sallamander Concepts
- 2.8.1 Sallamander Concepts Details
- 2.8.2 Sallamander Concepts Major Business
- 2.8.3 Sallamander Concepts Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Sallamander Concepts Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.8.5 Sallamander Concepts Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Naresh International
- 2.9.1 Naresh International Details
- 2.9.2 Naresh International Major Business
- 2.9.3 Naresh International Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Naresh International Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.9.5 Naresh International Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Essentially Australia
- 2.10.1 Essentially Australia Details
- 2.10.2 Essentially Australia Major Business
- 2.10.3 Essentially Australia Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Essentially Australia Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.10.5 Essentially Australia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Katyani Exports
- 2.11.1 Katyani Exports Details
- 2.11.2 Katyani Exports Major Business
- 2.11.3 Katyani Exports Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Katyani Exports Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.11.5 Katyani Exports Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 New Mountain Merchants
- 2.12.1 New Mountain Merchants Details
- 2.12.2 New Mountain Merchants Major Business
- 2.12.3 New Mountain Merchants Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.12.4 New Mountain Merchants Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.12.5 New Mountain Merchants Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Dru Era
- 2.13.1 Dru Era Details
- 2.13.2 Dru Era Major Business
- 2.13.3 Dru Era Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Dru Era Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.13.5 Dru Era Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Amrit Fragrances
- 2.14.1 Amrit Fragrances Details
- 2.14.2 Amrit Fragrances Major Business
- 2.14.3 Amrit Fragrances Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Amrit Fragrances Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.14.5 Amrit Fragrances Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 A.G. Industries
- 2.15.1 A.G. Industries Details
- 2.15.2 A.G. Industries Major Business
- 2.15.3 A.G. Industries Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.15.4 A.G. Industries Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.15.5 A.G. Industries Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Jiangxi Jishui
- 2.16.1 Jiangxi Jishui Details
- 2.16.2 Jiangxi Jishui Major Business
- 2.16.3 Jiangxi Jishui Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Jiangxi Jishui Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.16.5 Jiangxi Jishui Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Jinagxi Xuesong
- 2.17.1 Jinagxi Xuesong Details
- 2.17.2 Jinagxi Xuesong Major Business
- 2.17.3 Jinagxi Xuesong Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Jinagxi Xuesong Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.17.5 Jinagxi Xuesong Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Blue Bell Fragrances
- 2.18.1 Blue Bell Fragrances Details
- 2.18.2 Blue Bell Fragrances Major Business
- 2.18.3 Blue Bell Fragrances Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Blue Bell Fragrances Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.18.5 Blue Bell Fragrances Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Ravindra & Sons
- 2.19.1 Ravindra & Sons Details
- 2.19.2 Ravindra & Sons Major Business
- 2.19.3 Ravindra & Sons Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Ravindra & Sons Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.19.5 Ravindra & Sons Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Sandalwood Forest
- 2.20.1 Sandalwood Forest Details
- 2.20.2 Sandalwood Forest Major Business
- 2.20.3 Sandalwood Forest Sandalwood Essential Oil Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Sandalwood Forest Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.20.5 Sandalwood Forest Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Sandalwood Essential Oil by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.2 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.3 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Average Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2023)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Sandalwood Essential Oil by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2023
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Sandalwood Essential Oil Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.4.2 Top 6 Sandalwood Essential Oil Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.5 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.2 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.3 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.2 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.3 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.5 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value (2019-2030)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.2 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.3 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.3 Global Sandalwood Essential Oil Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.3 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.3 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.2 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.3 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 South America Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Sandalwood Essential Oil Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Drivers
- 12.2 Sandalwood Essential Oil Market Restraints
- 12.3 Sandalwood Essential Oil Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Sandalwood Essential Oil and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Sandalwood Essential Oil
- 13.3 Sandalwood Essential Oil Production Process
- 13.4 Sandalwood Essential Oil Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Sandalwood Essential Oil Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Sandalwood Essential Oil Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Sandalwood Essential Oil market size was valued at USD 143 million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 279.6 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 10.0% during review period.
Sandalwood, of the genus Santalum, is a genus of woody flowering trees and plants. Most species are semi-parasitic and several produce a highly aromatic wood. The most common species are Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) and Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum), although other species are used for their scent as well. The oil that distilled from eucarya spicata species, amyris and so on is not belonging to the Sandalwood Oil. Different sandalwood species are indigenous to India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh (S. album), and Australia (S. spicatum and S. lanceolatum), as well as to several Pacific Islands such as Hawaii (S. ellipticum), Fiji and Tonga (S. yasi), Papua New Guinea (S. macgregorii), Vanuatu and New Caledonia (S. austrocaledonicum) and French Polynesia (S. insulare). Traditionally, sandalwood is wild-harvested, since cultivation is difficult. Because of over- and illegal harvesting, supplies of sandalwood, especially Indian sandalwood, have decreased considerably over the last 10-15 years. Consequently, efforts to cultivate sandalwood have increased; Australia now has several plantations of Indian sandalwood trees.
Global Sandalwood Oil key players include Quintis, Meena Perfumery, RK-Essential Oils, Santanol Group, KS&DL, etc. Global top five manufacturers hold a share about 65%. Asia Paicfic is the largest market, with a share about 40%, followed by Europe, with a share about 30 percent. In terms of product, Indian Sandalwood Oil is the largest segment, with a share about 85%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Aromatherapy, followed by Personal Care, Pharmaceuticals, etc.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Sandalwood Essential Oil industry chain, the market status of Cosmetics Industry (Indian Sandalwood Essential Oil, Australian Sandalwood Essential Oil), Pharmaceuticals Industry (Indian Sandalwood Essential Oil, Australian Sandalwood Essential Oil), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Sandalwood Essential Oil.
Regionally, the report analyzes the Sandalwood Essential Oil markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Sandalwood Essential Oil market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the Sandalwood Essential Oil market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Sandalwood Essential Oil industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (K MT), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Indian Sandalwood Essential Oil, Australian Sandalwood Essential Oil).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Sandalwood Essential Oil market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Sandalwood Essential Oil market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Sandalwood Essential Oil market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to Sandalwood Essential Oil:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual Sandalwood Essential Oil manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Sandalwood Essential Oil This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Cosmetics Industry, Pharmaceuticals Industry).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Sandalwood Essential Oil. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Sandalwood Essential Oil areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Sandalwood Essential Oil market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
Sandalwood Essential Oil market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
Indian Sandalwood Essential Oil
Australian Sandalwood Essential Oil
Others
Market segment by Application
Cosmetics Industry
Pharmaceuticals Industry
Others
Major players covered
DoTERRA International
Eden Botanicals
TFS Corporation
Santanol Group
RK-Essential Oils Company
Meena Perfumery
Royal Aroma
Sallamander Concepts
Naresh International
Essentially Australia
Katyani Exports
New Mountain Merchants
Dru Era
Amrit Fragrances
A.G. Industries
Jiangxi Jishui
Jinagxi Xuesong
Blue Bell Fragrances
Ravindra & Sons
Sandalwood Forest
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Sandalwood Essential Oil product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Sandalwood Essential Oil, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Sandalwood Essential Oil from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the Sandalwood Essential Oil competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Sandalwood Essential Oil breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2023.and Sandalwood Essential Oil market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Sandalwood Essential Oil.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Sandalwood Essential Oil sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.