Global Sand Making Strip Market 2023 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2029
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Sand Making Strip
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Type: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
- 1.3.2 River Sand
- 1.3.3 Mineral Sand
- 1.3.4 Glass Sand
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Application: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
- 1.4.2 Road Construction
- 1.4.3 Railway Construction
- 1.4.4 Water Conservancy Project
- 1.4.5 Cement Manufacturing
- 1.4.6 Others
- 1.5 Global Sand Making Strip Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
- 1.5.2 Global Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity (2018-2029)
- 1.5.3 Global Sand Making Strip Average Price (2018-2029)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Vulcan Materials Company
- 2.1.1 Vulcan Materials Company Details
- 2.1.2 Vulcan Materials Company Major Business
- 2.1.3 Vulcan Materials Company Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Vulcan Materials Company Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.1.5 Vulcan Materials Company Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Martin Marietta Materials
- 2.2.1 Martin Marietta Materials Details
- 2.2.2 Martin Marietta Materials Major Business
- 2.2.3 Martin Marietta Materials Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Martin Marietta Materials Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.2.5 Martin Marietta Materials Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 CEMEX
- 2.3.1 CEMEX Details
- 2.3.2 CEMEX Major Business
- 2.3.3 CEMEX Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.3.4 CEMEX Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.3.5 CEMEX Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 LafargeHolcim
- 2.4.1 LafargeHolcim Details
- 2.4.2 LafargeHolcim Major Business
- 2.4.3 LafargeHolcim Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.4.4 LafargeHolcim Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.4.5 LafargeHolcim Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 HeidelbergCement
- 2.5.1 HeidelbergCement Details
- 2.5.2 HeidelbergCement Major Business
- 2.5.3 HeidelbergCement Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.5.4 HeidelbergCement Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.5.5 HeidelbergCement Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 CRH plc
- 2.6.1 CRH plc Details
- 2.6.2 CRH plc Major Business
- 2.6.3 CRH plc Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.6.4 CRH plc Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.6.5 CRH plc Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Boral Limited
- 2.7.1 Boral Limited Details
- 2.7.2 Boral Limited Major Business
- 2.7.3 Boral Limited Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Boral Limited Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.7.5 Boral Limited Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 U.S. Concrete, Inc.
- 2.8.1 U.S. Concrete, Inc. Details
- 2.8.2 U.S. Concrete, Inc. Major Business
- 2.8.3 U.S. Concrete, Inc. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.8.4 U.S. Concrete, Inc. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.8.5 U.S. Concrete, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Rogers Group Inc.
- 2.9.1 Rogers Group Inc. Details
- 2.9.2 Rogers Group Inc. Major Business
- 2.9.3 Rogers Group Inc. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Rogers Group Inc. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.9.5 Rogers Group Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Lehigh Hanson
- 2.10.1 Lehigh Hanson Details
- 2.10.2 Lehigh Hanson Major Business
- 2.10.3 Lehigh Hanson Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Lehigh Hanson Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.10.5 Lehigh Hanson Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Summit Materials
- 2.11.1 Summit Materials Details
- 2.11.2 Summit Materials Major Business
- 2.11.3 Summit Materials Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Summit Materials Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.11.5 Summit Materials Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Eurocement Group
- 2.12.1 Eurocement Group Details
- 2.12.2 Eurocement Group Major Business
- 2.12.3 Eurocement Group Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Eurocement Group Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.12.5 Eurocement Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Adelaide Brighton Limited
- 2.13.1 Adelaide Brighton Limited Details
- 2.13.2 Adelaide Brighton Limited Major Business
- 2.13.3 Adelaide Brighton Limited Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Adelaide Brighton Limited Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.13.5 Adelaide Brighton Limited Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Sika AG
- 2.14.1 Sika AG Details
- 2.14.2 Sika AG Major Business
- 2.14.3 Sika AG Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Sika AG Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.14.5 Sika AG Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Hanson Australia
- 2.15.1 Hanson Australia Details
- 2.15.2 Hanson Australia Major Business
- 2.15.3 Hanson Australia Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Hanson Australia Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.15.5 Hanson Australia Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
- 2.16.1 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Details
- 2.16.2 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Major Business
- 2.16.3 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.16.5 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Rogers Brothers Corporation
- 2.17.1 Rogers Brothers Corporation Details
- 2.17.2 Rogers Brothers Corporation Major Business
- 2.17.3 Rogers Brothers Corporation Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Rogers Brothers Corporation Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.17.5 Rogers Brothers Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 Holcim Philippines, Inc.
- 2.18.1 Holcim Philippines, Inc. Details
- 2.18.2 Holcim Philippines, Inc. Major Business
- 2.18.3 Holcim Philippines, Inc. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.18.4 Holcim Philippines, Inc. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.18.5 Holcim Philippines, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Colas Group
- 2.19.1 Colas Group Details
- 2.19.2 Colas Group Major Business
- 2.19.3 Colas Group Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Colas Group Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.19.5 Colas Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Italcementi Group
- 2.20.1 Italcementi Group Details
- 2.20.2 Italcementi Group Major Business
- 2.20.3 Italcementi Group Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Italcementi Group Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.20.5 Italcementi Group Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd.
- 2.21.1 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. Details
- 2.21.2 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. Major Business
- 2.21.3 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.21.5 Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.22 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd.
- 2.22.1 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Details
- 2.22.2 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Major Business
- 2.22.3 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.22.4 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.22.5 Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.23 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd.
- 2.23.1 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. Details
- 2.23.2 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. Major Business
- 2.23.3 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Product and Services
- 2.23.4 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
- 2.23.5 Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Sand Making Strip by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
- 3.2 Global Sand Making Strip Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
- 3.3 Global Sand Making Strip Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2022)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Sand Making Strip by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Sand Making Strip Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
- 3.4.2 Top 6 Sand Making Strip Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
- 3.5 Sand Making Strip Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Sand Making Strip Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Sand Making Strip Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Sand Making Strip Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Sand Making Strip Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
- 4.1.2 Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
- 4.1.3 Global Sand Making Strip Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
- 4.2 North America Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018-2029)
- 4.3 Europe Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018-2029)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018-2029)
- 4.5 South America Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018-2029)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa Sand Making Strip Consumption Value (2018-2029)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 5.2 Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Type (2018-2029)
- 5.3 Global Sand Making Strip Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 6.2 Global Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Application (2018-2029)
- 6.3 Global Sand Making Strip Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 7.2 North America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 7.3 North America Sand Making Strip Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
- 7.3.2 North America Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 8.2 Europe Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 8.3 Europe Sand Making Strip Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
- 8.3.2 Europe Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 10.2 South America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 10.3 South America Sand Making Strip Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
- 10.3.2 South America Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Sand Making Strip Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Sand Making Strip Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Sand Making Strip Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Sand Making Strip Market Drivers
- 12.2 Sand Making Strip Market Restraints
- 12.3 Sand Making Strip Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Sand Making Strip and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Sand Making Strip
- 13.3 Sand Making Strip Production Process
- 13.4 Sand Making Strip Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Sand Making Strip Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Sand Making Strip Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Sand Making Strip market size was valued at USD million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2029 with a CAGR of % during review period.
Sand bars are a granular material used to make concrete, asphalt and other construction materials, usually processed from natural ores or mineral powders. The quality and characteristics of the sand strips play a key role in the quality and performance of the building materials.
The development prospects of the sand making strip market depend on the demand of construction and infrastructure construction. With the increase in urbanization and infrastructure construction projects, the sand making strip market is expected to continue to grow. In addition, rising environmental awareness will also drive the demand for sustainable sand making bars.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Sand Making Strip industry chain, the market status of Road Construction (River Sand, Mineral Sand), Railway Construction (River Sand, Mineral Sand), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Sand Making Strip.
Regionally, the report analyzes the Sand Making Strip markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Sand Making Strip market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the Sand Making Strip market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Sand Making Strip industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (K Units), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., River Sand, Mineral Sand).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Sand Making Strip market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Sand Making Strip market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Sand Making Strip market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to Sand Making Strip:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual Sand Making Strip manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Sand Making Strip This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Road Construction, Railway Construction).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Sand Making Strip. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Sand Making Strip areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Sand Making Strip market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
Sand Making Strip market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2018-2029, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
River Sand
Mineral Sand
Glass Sand
Market segment by Application
Road Construction
Railway Construction
Water Conservancy Project
Cement Manufacturing
Others
Major players covered
Vulcan Materials Company
Martin Marietta Materials
CEMEX
LafargeHolcim
HeidelbergCement
CRH plc
Boral Limited
U.S. Concrete, Inc.
Rogers Group Inc.
Lehigh Hanson
Summit Materials
Eurocement Group
Adelaide Brighton Limited
Sika AG
Hanson Australia
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
Rogers Brothers Corporation
Holcim Philippines, Inc.
Colas Group
Italcementi Group
Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Group Co., Ltd.
Zhengzhou Zhengsheng Heavy Industry Technology Co., Ltd.
Shanghai Shanmei Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd.
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Sand Making Strip product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Sand Making Strip, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Sand Making Strip from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3, the Sand Making Strip competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Sand Making Strip breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Sand Making Strip market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2024 to 2029.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Sand Making Strip.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Sand Making Strip sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.