Chapter 1 Industry Overview

• 1.1 Definition
• 1.2 Assumptions
• 1.3 Research Scope
• 1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
  • 1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
  • 1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
• 1.5 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026
  • 1.5.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Consumption Volume
  • 1.5.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Value
  • 1.5.3 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Price Trends Analysis from 2021 to 2026
• 1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Industry Impact

Chapter 2 Covid-19 Impact: Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries

• 2.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Volume and Value) by Type
  • 2.1.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
  • 2.1.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
• 2.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Volume and Value) by Application
  • 2.2.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
  • 2.2.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Revenue and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
• 2.3 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Volume and Value) by Regions
  • 2.3.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
  • 2.3.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Chapter 3 Covid-19 Impact: Production Market Analysis

• 3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
  • 3.1.1 2015-2020 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
  • 3.1.2 2015-2020 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
• 3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
  • 3.2.1 2015-2020 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
  • 3.2.2 North America Market
  • 3.2.3 East Asia Market
  • 3.2.4 Europe Market
  • 3.2.5 South Asia Market
  • 3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
  • 3.2.7 Middle East Market
  • 3.2.8 Africa Market
  • 3.2.9 Oceania Market
  • 3.2.10 South America Market
  • 3.2.11 Rest of the World Market

Chapter 4 Covid-19 Impact: Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2015-2020)

• 4.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
• 4.2 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.3 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.4 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.5 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.6 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.7 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.8 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.9 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
• 4.10 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)

Chapter 5 Covid-19 Impact: North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 5.1 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 5.1.1 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 5.2 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 5.3 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 5.4 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 5.4.1 United States Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 5.4.2 Canada Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 5.4.3 Mexico Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 6 Covid-19 Impact: East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 6.1 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 6.1.1 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 6.2 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 6.3 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 6.4 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 6.4.1 China Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 6.4.2 Japan Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 6.4.3 South Korea Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 7 Covid-19 Impact: Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 7.1 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 7.1.1 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 7.2 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 7.3 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 7.4 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 7.4.1 Germany Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.2 UK Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.3 France Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.4 Italy Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.5 Russia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.6 Spain Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.7 Netherlands Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.8 Switzerland Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 7.4.9 Poland Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 8 Covid-19 Impact: South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 8.1 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 8.1.1 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 8.2 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 8.3 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 8.4 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 8.4.1 India Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 8.4.2 Pakistan Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 8.4.3 Bangladesh Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 9 Covid-19 Impact: Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 9.1 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 9.1.1 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 9.2 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 9.3 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 9.4 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 9.4.1 Indonesia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.2 Thailand Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.3 Singapore Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.4 Malaysia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.5 Philippines Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.6 Vietnam Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 9.4.7 Myanmar Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 10 Covid-19 Impact: Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 10.1 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 10.1.1 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 10.2 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 10.3 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 10.4 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 10.4.1 Turkey Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.3 Iran Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.5 Israel Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.6 Iraq Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.7 Qatar Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.8 Kuwait Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 10.4.9 Oman Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 11 Covid-19 Impact: Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 11.1 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 11.1.1 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 11.2 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 11.3 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 11.4 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 11.4.1 Nigeria Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 11.4.2 South Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 11.4.3 Egypt Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 11.4.4 Algeria Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 11.4.5 Morocco Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 12 Covid-19 Impact: Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 12.1 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
• 12.2 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 12.3 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 12.4 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption by Top Countries
  • 12.4.1 Australia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 12.4.2 New Zealand Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 13 Covid-19 Impact: South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Analysis

• 13.1 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption and Value Analysis
  • 13.1.1 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Under COVID-19
• 13.2 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Types
• 13.3 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Structure by Application
• 13.4 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume by Major Countries
  • 13.4.1 Brazil Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.2 Argentina Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.3 Columbia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.4 Chile Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.5 Venezuela Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.6 Peru Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.7 Puerto Rico Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
  • 13.4.8 Ecuador Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Polyhydroxyalkanoate Business

• 14.1 BioMatera
  • 14.1.1 BioMatera Company Profile
  • 14.1.2 BioMatera Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.1.3 BioMatera Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.1.4 BioMatera Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.2 CJ CheilJedang
  • 14.2.1 CJ CheilJedang Company Profile
  • 14.2.2 CJ CheilJedang Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.2.3 CJ CheilJedang Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.2.4 CJ CheilJedang Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.3 TianAn Biologic Materials
  • 14.3.1 TianAn Biologic Materials Company Profile
  • 14.3.2 TianAn Biologic Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.3.3 TianAn Biologic Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.3.4 TianAn Biologic Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.4 Bio-on
  • 14.4.1 Bio-on Company Profile
  • 14.4.2 Bio-on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.4.3 Bio-on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.4.4 Bio-on Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.5 Cardia Bioplastics
  • 14.5.1 Cardia Bioplastics Company Profile
  • 14.5.2 Cardia Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.5.3 Cardia Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.5.4 Cardia Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.6 Danimer Scientific
  • 14.6.1 Danimer Scientific Company Profile
  • 14.6.2 Danimer Scientific Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.6.3 Danimer Scientific Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.6.4 Danimer Scientific Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.7 Kaneka
  • 14.7.1 Kaneka Company Profile
  • 14.7.2 Kaneka Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.7.3 Kaneka Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.7.4 Kaneka Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.8 Bluepha
  • 14.8.1 Bluepha Company Profile
  • 14.8.2 Bluepha Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.8.3 Bluepha Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.8.4 Bluepha Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.9 Tianjin GreenBio Materials
  • 14.9.1 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Company Profile
  • 14.9.2 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.9.3 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.9.4 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.10 Full Cycle Bioplastics
  • 14.10.1 Full Cycle Bioplastics Company Profile
  • 14.10.2 Full Cycle Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.10.3 Full Cycle Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.10.4 Full Cycle Bioplastics Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.11 Newlight Technologies
  • 14.11.1 Newlight Technologies Company Profile
  • 14.11.2 Newlight Technologies Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.11.3 Newlight Technologies Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.11.4 Newlight Technologies Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types
• 14.12 PHB Industrial
  • 14.12.1 PHB Industrial Company Profile
  • 14.12.2 PHB Industrial Polyhydroxyalkanoate Product Specification
  • 14.12.3 PHB Industrial Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
  • 14.12.4 PHB Industrial Polyhydroxyalkanoate Sales by Types

Chapter 15 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Forecast (2021-2026)

• 15.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.1.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.1.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
• 15.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.3 North America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.4 East Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.5 Europe Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.6 South Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.7 Southeast Asia Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.8 Middle East Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.9 Africa Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.10 Oceania Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
  • 15.2.11 South America Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
• 15.3 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
  • 15.3.1 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
  • 15.3.2 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
  • 15.3.3 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
• 15.4 Global Polyhydroxyalkanoate Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
• 15.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Market Forecast Under COVID-19

Chapter 16 Conclusions

Research Methodology

The research team projects that the Polyhydroxyalkanoate market size will grow from XXX in 2019 to XXX by 2026, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2019, and the market size is projected from 2020 to 2026.

The prime objective of this report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing with 10 major regions and 50 major countries. Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.

By Market Players:
BioMatera
CJ CheilJedang
TianAn Biologic Materials
Bio-on
Cardia Bioplastics
Danimer Scientific
Kaneka
Bluepha
Tianjin GreenBio Materials
Full Cycle Bioplastics
Newlight Technologies
PHB Industrial

By Type
Reagent Grade
Industrial Grade

By Application
Packaging
Biomedical
Consumer Goods
Agriculture

By Regions/Countries:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico

East Asia
China
Japan
South Korea

Europe
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Poland

South Asia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh

Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Myanmar

Middle East
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
Oman

Africa
Nigeria
South Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Morocoo

Oceania
Australia
New Zealand

South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Venezuela
Peru
Puerto Rico
Ecuador

Rest of the World
Kazakhstan

Points Covered in The Report
The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.
The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.
The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.
Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.
The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.