Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market 2024 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.3.2 Convex Lens
- 1.3.3 Concave Lens
- 1.3.4 Meniscus Lens
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.4.2 Smartphone Camera
- 1.4.3 Intelligent Perception and Recognition Module
- 1.5 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
- 1.5.2 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity (2019-2030)
- 1.5.3 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Average Price (2019-2030)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 HOYA
- 2.1.1 HOYA Details
- 2.1.2 HOYA Major Business
- 2.1.3 HOYA Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.1.4 HOYA Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.1.5 HOYA Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Canon
- 2.2.1 Canon Details
- 2.2.2 Canon Major Business
- 2.2.3 Canon Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Canon Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.2.5 Canon Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 AGC
- 2.3.1 AGC Details
- 2.3.2 AGC Major Business
- 2.3.3 AGC Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.3.4 AGC Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.3.5 AGC Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 Panasonic
- 2.4.1 Panasonic Details
- 2.4.2 Panasonic Major Business
- 2.4.3 Panasonic Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.4.4 Panasonic Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.4.5 Panasonic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Sumita Optical Glass
- 2.5.1 Sumita Optical Glass Details
- 2.5.2 Sumita Optical Glass Major Business
- 2.5.3 Sumita Optical Glass Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Sumita Optical Glass Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.5.5 Sumita Optical Glass Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 LightPath Technologies
- 2.6.1 LightPath Technologies Details
- 2.6.2 LightPath Technologies Major Business
- 2.6.3 LightPath Technologies Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.6.4 LightPath Technologies Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.6.5 LightPath Technologies Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Newport Corporation
- 2.7.1 Newport Corporation Details
- 2.7.2 Newport Corporation Major Business
- 2.7.3 Newport Corporation Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Newport Corporation Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.7.5 Newport Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Wavelength Opto-Electronic
- 2.8.1 Wavelength Opto-Electronic Details
- 2.8.2 Wavelength Opto-Electronic Major Business
- 2.8.3 Wavelength Opto-Electronic Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Wavelength Opto-Electronic Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.8.5 Wavelength Opto-Electronic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Thorlabs
- 2.9.1 Thorlabs Details
- 2.9.2 Thorlabs Major Business
- 2.9.3 Thorlabs Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Thorlabs Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.9.5 Thorlabs Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 Archer OpTx
- 2.10.1 Archer OpTx Details
- 2.10.2 Archer OpTx Major Business
- 2.10.3 Archer OpTx Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.10.4 Archer OpTx Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.10.5 Archer OpTx Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Esco Optics
- 2.11.1 Esco Optics Details
- 2.11.2 Esco Optics Major Business
- 2.11.3 Esco Optics Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Esco Optics Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.11.5 Esco Optics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Isuzu Glass
- 2.12.1 Isuzu Glass Details
- 2.12.2 Isuzu Glass Major Business
- 2.12.3 Isuzu Glass Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Isuzu Glass Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.12.5 Isuzu Glass Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 Edmund Optics
- 2.13.1 Edmund Optics Details
- 2.13.2 Edmund Optics Major Business
- 2.13.3 Edmund Optics Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.13.4 Edmund Optics Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.13.5 Edmund Optics Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd.
- 2.14.1 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd. Details
- 2.14.2 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd. Major Business
- 2.14.3 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd. Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd. Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.14.5 Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 Optowide
- 2.15.1 Optowide Details
- 2.15.2 Optowide Major Business
- 2.15.3 Optowide Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.15.4 Optowide Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.15.5 Optowide Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
- 2.16.1 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Details
- 2.16.2 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Major Business
- 2.16.3 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.16.5 Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd
- 2.17.1 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd Details
- 2.17.2 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd Major Business
- 2.17.3 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.17.5 Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.2 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.3 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Average Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2023)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2023
- 3.4.2 Top 3 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.4.3 Top 6 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.5 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.2 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.3 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.2 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.3 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.5 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.6 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value (2019-2030)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.2 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.3 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.3 Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.3 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.3 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.2 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.3 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 South America Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Drivers
- 12.2 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Market Restraints
- 12.3 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone
- 13.3 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Production Process
- 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Typical Distributors
- 14.3 Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
Aspheric glass lenses have high advantages in terms of light transmittance, refractive index, temperature range, distortion rate, wear resistance, chromatic aberration, imaging effect and stability. Molded glass aspherical lenses refer to using optical glass precision molding technology to prepare aspherical lenses that meet usage requirements. This report focuses on molded glass aspheric lenses for smart phone applications.
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market size was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2030 with a CAGR of %during review period.
Aspheric glass lenses have high advantages in terms of light transmittance, refractive index, temperature range, distortion rate, wear resistance, chromatic aberration, imaging effect and stability. Optical glass precision molding technology is a high-efficiency, green and environmentally friendly high-precision optical element manufacturing technology. It has become the mainstream technology for manufacturing aspherical glass lenses and has now entered the stage of mass manufacturing of aspherical optical elements. The market demand for aspherical glass lenses is increasingly widespread, and they are widely used in consumer electronics such as smartphones, security monitoring, and automobile transportation. Optical components are an important entry point for smartphone cameras and intelligent perception and recognition modules. The market for molded glass aspherical lenses for smartphones has broad room for development.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2024, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2019-2030
Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2019-2030
Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2019-2030
Global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2019-2024
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
This report profiles key players in the global Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include HOYA, Canon, AGC, Panasonic, Sumita Optical Glass, LightPath Technologies, Newport Corporation, Wavelength Opto-Electronic, Thorlabs, Archer OpTx, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
Market Segmentation
Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Convex Lens
Concave Lens
Meniscus Lens
Market segment by Application
Smartphone Camera
Intelligent Perception and Recognition Module
Major players covered
HOYA
Canon
AGC
Panasonic
Sumita Optical Glass
LightPath Technologies
Newport Corporation
Wavelength Opto-Electronic
Thorlabs
Archer OpTx
Esco Optics
Isuzu Glass
Edmund Optics
Sunny Optical Technology (group)co., Ltd.
Optowide
Lianchuang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Lante Optics Co., Ltd
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone, with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Type, by Application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2024.and Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone market forecast, by regions, by Type, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Molded Glass Aspheric Lenses for Smart Phone sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.