Table of Content

Part 1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Market Definition
• 1.2 Market Development
• 1.3 By Type
• 1.4 By Application
• 1.5 By Region

Part 2 Key Companies

• 2.1 BD
  • 2.1.1 Company Profile
  • 2.1.2 Products & Services Overview
  • 2.1.3 Sales Data List
• 2.2 Novo Nordisk
• 2.3 Artsana
• 2.4 B. Braun
• 2.5 Terumo
• 2.6 Ypsomed
• 2.7 Owen Mumford
• 2.8 HTL-Strefa
• 2.9 Beipu
• 2.10 Kangdelai
• 2.11 Ulticare
• 2.12 Allison Medical
• 2.13 Dongbao

Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast

• 3.1 Global Market by Region
• 3.2 Global Market by Company
• 3.3 Global Market by Type
• 3.4 Global Market by Application
• 3.5 Global Market by Forecast

Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast

• 4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type
• 4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application
• 4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography
  • 4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
• 4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast

Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast

• 5.1 Europe Market by Type
• 5.2 Europe Market by Application
• 5.3 Europe Market by Geography
  • 5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
• 5.4 Europe Market by Forecast

Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast

• 6.1 North America Market by Type
• 6.2 North America Market by Application
• 6.3 North America Market by Geography
  • 6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
• 6.4 North America Market by Forecast

Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast

• 7.1 South America Market by Type
• 7.2 South America Market by Application
• 7.3 South America Market by Geography
  • 7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
• 7.4 South America Market by Forecast

Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast

• 8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type
• 8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application
• 8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography
  • 8.3.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 8.3.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
  • 8.3.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
• 8.4 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast

Part 9 Market Features

• 9.1 Product Features
• 9.2 Price Features
• 9.3 Channel Features
• 9.4 Purchasing Features

Part 10 Investment Opportunity

• 10.1 Regional Investment Opportunity
• 10.2 Industry Investment Opportunity

Part 11 Conclusion

List of Tables

Table Type of Insulin Pen Needles

Table Application of Insulin Pen Needles

Table BD Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of BD (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Novo Nordisk Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Novo Nordisk (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Artsana Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Artsana (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table B. Braun Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of B. Braun (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Terumo Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Terumo (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Ypsomed Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Ypsomed (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Owen Mumford Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Owen Mumford (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table HTL-Strefa Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of HTL-Strefa (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Beipu Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Beipu (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Kangdelai Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Kangdelai (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Ulticare Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Ulticare (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Allison Medical Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Allison Medical (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Dongbao Overview List

Table Insulin Pen Needles Business Operation of Dongbao (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Global Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table North America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table North America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table North America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table North America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table South America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table South America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table South America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table South America Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

Table Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019

Table Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Table Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019

List of Figures

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Region in 2019

Figure Asia Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Region in 2019

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Region in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Region in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Company in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Company in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Global Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Asia-Pacific Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure China Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure China Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure China Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure China Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Southeast Asia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Southeast Asia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Southeast Asia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Southeast Asia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure India Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure India Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure India Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure India Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Japan Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Japan Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Japan Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Japan Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Korea Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Korea Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Korea Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Korea Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Oceania Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Oceania Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Oceania Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Oceania Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Europe Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Germany Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Germany Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Germany Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Germany Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure UK Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure UK Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure UK Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure UK Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure France Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure France Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure France Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure France Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Italy Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Italy Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Italy Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Italy Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Russia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Russia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Russia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Russia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Spain Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Spain Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Spain Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Spain Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Netherlands Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Netherlands Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Netherlands Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Netherlands Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Turkey Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Turkey Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Turkey Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Turkey Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Switzerland Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Switzerland Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Switzerland Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Switzerland Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure North America Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure United States Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure United States Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure United States Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure United States Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Canada Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Canada Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Canada Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Canada Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Mexico Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Mexico Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Mexico Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Mexico Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure South America Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Brazil Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Brazil Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Brazil Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Brazil Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Argentina Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Argentina Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Argentina Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Argentina Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Columbia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Columbia Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Columbia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Columbia Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Chile Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Chile Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Chile Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Chile Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Peru Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure Peru Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure Peru Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Peru Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure Middle East & Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure GCC Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure GCC Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure GCC Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure GCC Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure North Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure North Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure North Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure North Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Figure South Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)

Figure South Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)

Figure South Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Million USD)

Figure South Africa Insulin Pen Needles Market Forecast, 2020-2024 (Volume)

Summary
Insulin Pen needles are used in conjunction with injection pens to deliver injectable medications into the body. An insulin pen needle consists of a hollow needle which is embedded in a plastic hub and attaches to injection pens. Pen needles come in a variety of needle lengths and diameters and are used by both health professionals and patients for injection of a variety of medications. They are commonly used by people with diabetes who often require multiple daily insulin injections.
The report forecast global Insulin Pen Needles market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2024.
The report offers detailed coverage of Insulin Pen Needles industry and main market trends. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Insulin Pen Needles by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.
First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global Insulin Pen Needles market for 2015-2024.
And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru].
At the same time, we classify Insulin Pen Needles according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application.
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Insulin Pen Needles company.
Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) :
Part 1:
Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region
Part 2:
Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc.
Part 3:
Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography
Part 4:
Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 5:
Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 6:
North America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 7:
South America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 8:
Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 9:
Market Features
Part 10:
Investment Opportunity
Part 11:
Conclusion
Market Segment as follows:
By Region
Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia]
Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland]
North America[United States, Canada, Mexico]
Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa]
South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]
Key Companies
BD
Novo Nordisk
Artsana
B. Braun
Terumo
Ypsomed
Owen Mumford
HTL-Strefa
Beipu
Kangdelai
Ulticare
Allison Medical
Dongbao
Market by Type
Standard Insulin Pen Needles
Safety Insulin Pen Needles
Market by Application
Home Use
Medical Institutions
Others