Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market 2024 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures
- 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Type: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.3.2 Ophthalmic Examination Chairs
- 1.3.3 Ophthalmic Operating Tables
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.4.1 Overview: Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
- 1.4.2 Hospital
- 1.4.3 Clinic
- 1.4.4 Others
- 1.5 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size & Forecast
- 1.5.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
- 1.5.2 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity (2019-2030)
- 1.5.3 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Average Price (2019-2030)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Topcon Medical Systems
- 2.1.1 Topcon Medical Systems Details
- 2.1.2 Topcon Medical Systems Major Business
- 2.1.3 Topcon Medical Systems High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.1.4 Topcon Medical Systems High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.1.5 Topcon Medical Systems Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.2 Medical Experts
- 2.2.1 Medical Experts Details
- 2.2.2 Medical Experts Major Business
- 2.2.3 Medical Experts High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.2.4 Medical Experts High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.2.5 Medical Experts Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.3 Reichert
- 2.3.1 Reichert Details
- 2.3.2 Reichert Major Business
- 2.3.3 Reichert High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.3.4 Reichert High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.3.5 Reichert Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.4 RQL
- 2.4.1 RQL Details
- 2.4.2 RQL Major Business
- 2.4.3 RQL High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.4.4 RQL High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.4.5 RQL Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.5 Teyco Med
- 2.5.1 Teyco Med Details
- 2.5.2 Teyco Med Major Business
- 2.5.3 Teyco Med High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.5.4 Teyco Med High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.5.5 Teyco Med Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.6 US Ophthalmic
- 2.6.1 US Ophthalmic Details
- 2.6.2 US Ophthalmic Major Business
- 2.6.3 US Ophthalmic High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.6.4 US Ophthalmic High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.6.5 US Ophthalmic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.7 Bon Optic
- 2.7.1 Bon Optic Details
- 2.7.2 Bon Optic Major Business
- 2.7.3 Bon Optic High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.7.4 Bon Optic High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.7.5 Bon Optic Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.8 Frastema
- 2.8.1 Frastema Details
- 2.8.2 Frastema Major Business
- 2.8.3 Frastema High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.8.4 Frastema High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.8.5 Frastema Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.9 Inmoclinc
- 2.9.1 Inmoclinc Details
- 2.9.2 Inmoclinc Major Business
- 2.9.3 Inmoclinc High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.9.4 Inmoclinc High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.9.5 Inmoclinc Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.10 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici
- 2.10.1 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici Details
- 2.10.2 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici Major Business
- 2.10.3 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.10.4 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.10.5 CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.11 Fiorentino A.M.
- 2.11.1 Fiorentino A.M. Details
- 2.11.2 Fiorentino A.M. Major Business
- 2.11.3 Fiorentino A.M. High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.11.4 Fiorentino A.M. High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.11.5 Fiorentino A.M. Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.12 Luneau Technology
- 2.12.1 Luneau Technology Details
- 2.12.2 Luneau Technology Major Business
- 2.12.3 Luneau Technology High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.12.4 Luneau Technology High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.12.5 Luneau Technology Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.13 S4Optik
- 2.13.1 S4Optik Details
- 2.13.2 S4Optik Major Business
- 2.13.3 S4Optik High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.13.4 S4Optik High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.13.5 S4Optik Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.14 Skytron
- 2.14.1 Skytron Details
- 2.14.2 Skytron Major Business
- 2.14.3 Skytron High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.14.4 Skytron High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.14.5 Skytron Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.15 STERIS
- 2.15.1 STERIS Details
- 2.15.2 STERIS Major Business
- 2.15.3 STERIS High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.15.4 STERIS High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.15.5 STERIS Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.16 Medifa-Hesse GmbH
- 2.16.1 Medifa-Hesse GmbH Details
- 2.16.2 Medifa-Hesse GmbH Major Business
- 2.16.3 Medifa-Hesse GmbH High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.16.4 Medifa-Hesse GmbH High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.16.5 Medifa-Hesse GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.17 Merivaara
- 2.17.1 Merivaara Details
- 2.17.2 Merivaara Major Business
- 2.17.3 Merivaara High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.17.4 Merivaara High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.17.5 Merivaara Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.18 MS Westfalia GmbH
- 2.18.1 MS Westfalia GmbH Details
- 2.18.2 MS Westfalia GmbH Major Business
- 2.18.3 MS Westfalia GmbH High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.18.4 MS Westfalia GmbH High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.18.5 MS Westfalia GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.19 Doge Medical
- 2.19.1 Doge Medical Details
- 2.19.2 Doge Medical Major Business
- 2.19.3 Doge Medical High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.19.4 Doge Medical High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.19.5 Doge Medical Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.20 Perlong Medical Equipment
- 2.20.1 Perlong Medical Equipment Details
- 2.20.2 Perlong Medical Equipment Major Business
- 2.20.3 Perlong Medical Equipment High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.20.4 Perlong Medical Equipment High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.20.5 Perlong Medical Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
- 2.21 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment
- 2.21.1 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment Details
- 2.21.2 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment Major Business
- 2.21.3 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Product and Services
- 2.21.4 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
- 2.21.5 Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.2 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.3 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Average Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
- 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2023)
- 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2023
- 3.4.2 Top 3 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.4.2 Top 6 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
- 3.5 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
- 3.5.1 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market: Region Footprint
- 3.5.2 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market: Company Product Type Footprint
- 3.5.3 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market: Company Product Application Footprint
- 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
- 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
- 4.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Region
- 4.1.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.2 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.1.3 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
- 4.2 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.3 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.5 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019-2030)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value (2019-2030)
5 Market Segment by Type
- 5.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.2 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Type (2019-2030)
- 5.3 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Average Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Market Segment by Application
- 6.1 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.2 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
- 6.3 Global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Average Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
- 7.1 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 7.2 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 7.3 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Country
- 7.3.1 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.2 North America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 8.2 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 8.3 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Country
- 8.3.1 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.2 Europe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific
- 9.1 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 9.2 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 9.3 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Region
- 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
- 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
10 South America
- 10.1 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 10.2 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 10.3 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Country
- 10.3.1 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.2 South America High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Type (2019-2030)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Size by Country
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
- 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
- 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
12 Market Dynamics
- 12.1 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Drivers
- 12.2 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Market Restraints
- 12.3 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Trends Analysis
- 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
- 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
- 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
- 13.1 Raw Material of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures and Key Manufacturers
- 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures
- 13.3 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Production Process
- 13.4 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
- 14.1 Sales Channel
- 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
- 14.1.2 Distributors
- 14.2 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Typical Distributors
- 14.3 High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
- 16.1 Methodology
- 16.2 Research Process and Data Source
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market size was valued at USD million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2030 with a CAGR of % during review period.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures industry chain, the market status of Hospital (Ophthalmic Examination Chairs, Ophthalmic Operating Tables), Clinic (Ophthalmic Examination Chairs, Ophthalmic Operating Tables), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures.
Regionally, the report analyzes the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (K Units), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Ophthalmic Examination Chairs, Ophthalmic Operating Tables).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Hospital, Clinic).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
Ophthalmic Examination Chairs
Ophthalmic Operating Tables
Market segment by Application
Hospital
Clinic
Others
Major players covered
Topcon Medical Systems
Medical Experts
Reichert
RQL
Teyco Med
US Ophthalmic
Bon Optic
Frastema
Inmoclinc
CSO Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici
Fiorentino A.M.
Luneau Technology
S4Optik
Skytron
STERIS
Medifa-Hesse GmbH
Merivaara
MS Westfalia GmbH
Doge Medical
Perlong Medical Equipment
Ningbo Tec Hart Medical Equipment
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 3, the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2019 to 2030.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2023.and High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends and Porters Five Forces analysis.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe High Quality Ophthalmic Furnitures sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.