Table of Content

1 Industry Overview

• 1.1 Heart Failure Therapeutics Industry

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Industry Chain Structure

• 1.1.1 Overview
• 1.1.2 Development of Heart Failure Therapeutics

Table Upstream Segment of Heart Failure Therapeutics

• 1.2.2 Downstream

Table Application Segment of Heart Failure Therapeutics

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2025, by Application, in USD Million

• 1.3 Cost Analysis

2 Industry Environment (PEST Analysis)

• 2.1 Policy
• 2.2 Economics
• 2.3 Sociology
• 2.4 Technology

3 Heart Failure Therapeutics Market by Type

• 3.1 By Type
  • 3.1.1 Diagnosis

Table Major Company List of Diagnosis

• 3.1.2 Prognosis

Table Major Company List of Prognosis

• 3.1.3 Treatment Options and Treatment Algorithm

Table Major Company List of Treatment Options and Treatment Algorithm

• 3.2 Market Size

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume

• 3.3 Market Forecast

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in Volume

4 Major Companies List

• 4.1 Bayer (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.1.1 Bayer Profile

Table Bayer Overview List

• 4.1.2 Bayer Products & Services
• 4.1.3 Bayer Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Bayer (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.2 Cynokinetics (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.2.1 Cynokinetics Profile

Table Cynokinetics Overview List

• 4.2.2 Cynokinetics Products & Services
• 4.2.3 Cynokinetics Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Cynokinetics (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.3 Les Laboratoires Servier (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.3.1 Les Laboratoires Servier Profile

Table Les Laboratoires Servier Overview List

• 4.3.2 Les Laboratoires Servier Products & Services
• 4.3.3 Les Laboratoires Servier Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Les Laboratoires Servier (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.4 Merck & Co. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.4.1 Merck & Co. Profile

Table Merck & Co. Overview List

• 4.4.2 Merck & Co. Products & Services
• 4.4.3 Merck & Co. Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Merck & Co. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.5 Novartis (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.5.1 Novartis Profile

Table Novartis Overview List

• 4.5.2 Novartis Products & Services
• 4.5.3 Novartis Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Novartis (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.6 Procoralan (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.6.1 Procoralan Profile

Table Procoralan Overview List

• 4.6.2 Procoralan Products & Services
• 4.6.3 Procoralan Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Procoralan (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.7 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.7.1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Profile

Table Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Overview List

• 4.7.2 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Products & Services
• 4.7.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.8 Cardiorentis AG (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.8.1 Cardiorentis AG Profile

Table Cardiorentis AG Overview List

• 4.8.2 Cardiorentis AG Products & Services
• 4.8.3 Cardiorentis AG Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Cardiorentis AG (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.9 CVie Therapeutics Limited (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.9.1 CVie Therapeutics Limited Profile

Table CVie Therapeutics Limited Overview List

• 4.9.2 CVie Therapeutics Limited Products & Services
• 4.9.3 CVie Therapeutics Limited Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of CVie Therapeutics Limited (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.10 Orion Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.10.1 Orion Corporation Profile

Table Orion Corporation Overview List

• 4.10.2 Orion Corporation Products & Services
• 4.10.3 Orion Corporation Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Orion Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.11 PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.11.1 PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals Profile

Table PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals Overview List

• 4.11.2 PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals Products & Services
• 4.11.3 PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.12 Market Segment by Product Type (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.12.1 Market Segment by Product Type Profile

Table Market Segment by Product Type Overview List

• 4.12.2 Market Segment by Product Type Products & Services
• 4.12.3 Market Segment by Product Type Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Market Segment by Product Type (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.13 B-Blockers (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.13.1 B-Blockers Profile

Table B-Blockers Overview List

• 4.13.2 B-Blockers Products & Services
• 4.13.3 B-Blockers Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of B-Blockers (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.14 Calcium Channel Blockers (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.14.1 Calcium Channel Blockers Profile

Table Calcium Channel Blockers Overview List

• 4.14.2 Calcium Channel Blockers Products & Services
• 4.14.3 Calcium Channel Blockers Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Calcium Channel Blockers (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.15 Cardiac Glycosides (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.15.1 Cardiac Glycosides Profile

Table Cardiac Glycosides Overview List

• 4.15.2 Cardiac Glycosides Products & Services
• 4.15.3 Cardiac Glycosides Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Cardiac Glycosides (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.16 Diuretics (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.16.1 Diuretics Profile

Table Diuretics Overview List

• 4.16.2 Diuretics Products & Services
• 4.16.3 Diuretics Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Diuretics (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.17 Morphine (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.17.1 Morphine Profile

Table Morphine Overview List

• 4.17.2 Morphine Products & Services
• 4.17.3 Morphine Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Morphine (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

• 4.18 Vasodilators/Nitrates (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
  • 4.18.1 Vasodilators/Nitrates Profile

Table Vasodilators/Nitrates Overview List

• 4.18.2 Vasodilators/Nitrates Products & Services
• 4.18.3 Vasodilators/Nitrates Business Operation Conditions

Table Business Operation of Vasodilators/Nitrates (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

5 Market Competition

• 5.1 Company Competition

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue Share 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue Share in 2019, by Company, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume Share 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume Share in 2019, by Company, in Volume

• 5.2 Regional Market by Company

Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics MMarket Concentration, in 2019

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

6 Demand by End Market

• 6.1 Demand Situation
  • 6.1.1 Demand in Hospital

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Hospital, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Hospital, 2015-2019, in Volume

• 6.1.2 Demand in Clinic

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Clinic, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Clinic, 2015-2019, in Volume

• 6.1.3 Demand in Medical Research Organization

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Medical Research Organization, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Medical Research Organization, 2015-2019, in Volume

• 6.2 Regional Demand Comparison

Table Regional Demand Comparison List

Table Major Application in Different Regions

• 6.3 Demand Forecast

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share in 2025, by Application, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share in 2025, by Application, in Volume

7 Region Operation

• 7.1 Regional Production

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Production 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Production 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

• 7.2 Regional Market

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

• 7.3 by Region
  • 7.3.1 North America
    • 7.3.1.1 Overview

  Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

  Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

  • 7.3.1.2 by Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Table North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

• 7.3.2 Europe
  • 7.3.2.1 Overview

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

• 7.3.2.2 by Country (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)

Table Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

• 7.3.3 Asia-Pacific
  • 7.3.3.1 Overview

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

• 7.3.3.2 by Country (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)

Table Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

• 7.3.4 South America
  • 7.3.4.1 Overview

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

• 7.3.4.2 by Country (Brazil, Argentina etc.)

Table South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

• 7.3.5 Middle East & Africa
  • 7.3.5.1 Overview

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

• 7.3.5.2 by Country (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

Table Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

• 7.4 Regional Import & Export
• 7.5 Regional Forecast

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in Volume

8 Marketing & Price

• 8.1 Price and Margin
  • 8.1.1 Price Trends
  • 8.1.2 Factors of Price Change

Table Price Factors List

• 8.1.3 Manufacturers Gross Margin Analysis

Figure Marketing Channels Overview

9 Research Conclusion

List of Tables

List of Table

List of Table

Table Upstream Segment of Heart Failure Therapeutics

Table Application Segment of Heart Failure Therapeutics

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2025, by Application, in USD Million

Table Major Company List of Prognosis

Table Major Company List of Treatment Options and Treatment Algorithm

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in Volume

Table Bayer Overview List

Table Business Operation of Bayer (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Cynokinetics Overview List

Table Business Operation of Cynokinetics (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Les Laboratoires Servier Overview List

Table Business Operation of Les Laboratoires Servier (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Merck & Co. Overview List

Table Business Operation of Merck & Co. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Novartis Overview List

Table Business Operation of Novartis (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Procoralan Overview List

Table Business Operation of Procoralan (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Overview List

Table Business Operation of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Cardiorentis AG Overview List

Table Business Operation of Cardiorentis AG (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table CVie Therapeutics Limited Overview List

Table Business Operation of CVie Therapeutics Limited (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Orion Corporation Overview List

Table Business Operation of Orion Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals Overview List

Table Business Operation of PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Market Segment by Product Type Overview List

Table Business Operation of Market Segment by Product Type (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table B-Blockers Overview List

Table Business Operation of B-Blockers (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Calcium Channel Blockers Overview List

Table Business Operation of Calcium Channel Blockers (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Cardiac Glycosides Overview List

Table Business Operation of Cardiac Glycosides (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Diuretics Overview List

Table Business Operation of Diuretics (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Morphine Overview List

Table Business Operation of Morphine (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Vasodilators/Nitrates Overview List

Table Business Operation of Vasodilators/Nitrates (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue Share 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume Share 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume

Table Regional Demand Comparison List

Table Major Application in Different Regions

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share in 2025, by Application, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Production 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Production 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

Table Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume

Table North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

Table Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

Table Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

Table South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

Table Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million

Table Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in USD Million

Table Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in Volume

Table Price Factors List

List of Figures

List of Figure

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Industry Chain Structure

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Revenue Share in 2019, by Company, in USD Million

Figure Global Heart Failure Therapeutics Sales Volume Share in 2019, by Company, in Volume

Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics MMarket Concentration, in 2019

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Concentration, in 2019

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Hospital, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Hospital, 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Clinic, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Clinic, 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Medical Research Organization, 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Demand in Medical Research Organization, 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million

Figure Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Share in 2025, by Application, in USD Million

Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure North America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Europe Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Asia-Pacific Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure South America Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million

Figure Middle East & Africa Heart Failure Therapeutics Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume

Figure Marketing Channels Overview

Snapshot
The global Heart Failure Therapeutics market size is estimated at xxx million USD with a CAGR xx% from 2015-2019 and is expected to reach xxx Million USD in 2020 with a CAGR xx% from 2020 to 2025. The report begins from overview of Industry Chain structure, and describes industry environment, then analyses market size and forecast of Heart Failure Therapeutics by product, region and application, in addition, this report introduces market competition situation among the vendors and company profile, besides, market price analysis and value chain features are covered in this report.
Product Type Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Major Company of Product Type etc.):
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment Options and Treatment Algorithm
Company Coverage (Company Profile, Sales Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Main Products etc.):
Bayer
Cynokinetics
Les Laboratoires Servier
Merck & Co.
Novartis
Procoralan
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Cardiorentis AG
CVie Therapeutics Limited
Orion Corporation
PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals
Market Segment by Product Type
B-Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardiac Glycosides
Diuretics
Morphine
Vasodilators/Nitrates
Application Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Different Demand Market by Region, Main Consumer Profile etc.):
Hospital
Clinic
Medical Research Organization
Region Coverage (Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)
South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)