Covid-19 Impact on 2021-2026 Global and Regional Functional Fragrances Industry Production, Sales and Consumption Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version
Chapter 1 Industry Overview
- 1.1 Definition
- 1.2 Assumptions
- 1.3 Research Scope
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
- 1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)
- 1.5 Global Functional Fragrances Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026
- 1.5.1 Global Functional Fragrances Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Consumption Volume
- 1.5.2 Global Functional Fragrances Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Value
- 1.5.3 Global Functional Fragrances Price Trends Analysis from 2021 to 2026
- 1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Functional Fragrances Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Covid-19 Impact: Global Functional Fragrances Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
- 2.1 Global Functional Fragrances (Volume and Value) by Type
- 2.1.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 2.1.2 Global Functional Fragrances Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 2.2 Global Functional Fragrances (Volume and Value) by Application
- 2.2.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 2.2.2 Global Functional Fragrances Revenue and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 2.3 Global Functional Fragrances (Volume and Value) by Regions
- 2.3.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 2.3.2 Global Functional Fragrances Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Chapter 3 Covid-19 Impact: Production Market Analysis
- 3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
- 3.1.1 2015-2020 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
- 3.1.2 2015-2020 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
- 3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
- 3.2.1 2015-2020 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
- 3.2.2 North America Market
- 3.2.3 East Asia Market
- 3.2.4 Europe Market
- 3.2.5 South Asia Market
- 3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
- 3.2.7 Middle East Market
- 3.2.8 Africa Market
- 3.2.9 Oceania Market
- 3.2.10 South America Market
- 3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Covid-19 Impact: Global Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.2 North America Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.3 East Asia Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.4 Europe Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.5 South Asia Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.6 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.7 Middle East Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.8 Africa Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.9 Oceania Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
- 4.10 South America Functional Fragrances Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)
Chapter 5 Covid-19 Impact: North America Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 5.1 North America Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 5.1.1 North America Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 5.2 North America Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 5.3 North America Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 5.4 North America Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 5.4.1 United States Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 5.4.2 Canada Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 5.4.3 Mexico Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 6 Covid-19 Impact: East Asia Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 6.1 East Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 6.1.1 East Asia Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 6.2 East Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 6.3 East Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 6.4 East Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 6.4.1 China Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 6.4.2 Japan Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 6.4.3 South Korea Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 7 Covid-19 Impact: Europe Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 7.1 Europe Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 7.1.1 Europe Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 7.2 Europe Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 7.3 Europe Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 7.4 Europe Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 7.4.1 Germany Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.2 UK Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.3 France Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.4 Italy Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.5 Russia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.6 Spain Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.7 Netherlands Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.8 Switzerland Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 7.4.9 Poland Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 8 Covid-19 Impact: South Asia Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 8.1 South Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 8.1.1 South Asia Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 8.2 South Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 8.3 South Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 8.4 South Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 8.4.1 India Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 8.4.2 Pakistan Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 8.4.3 Bangladesh Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 9 Covid-19 Impact: Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 9.1 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 9.1.1 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 9.2 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 9.3 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 9.4 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 9.4.1 Indonesia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.2 Thailand Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.3 Singapore Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.4 Malaysia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.5 Philippines Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.6 Vietnam Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 9.4.7 Myanmar Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 10 Covid-19 Impact: Middle East Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 10.1 Middle East Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 10.1.1 Middle East Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 10.2 Middle East Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 10.3 Middle East Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 10.4 Middle East Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 10.4.1 Turkey Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.3 Iran Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.5 Israel Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.6 Iraq Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.7 Qatar Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.8 Kuwait Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 10.4.9 Oman Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 11 Covid-19 Impact: Africa Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 11.1 Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 11.1.1 Africa Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 11.2 Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 11.3 Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 11.4 Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 11.4.1 Nigeria Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.2 South Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.3 Egypt Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.4 Algeria Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 11.4.5 Morocco Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 12 Covid-19 Impact: Oceania Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 12.1 Oceania Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 12.2 Oceania Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 12.3 Oceania Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 12.4 Oceania Functional Fragrances Consumption by Top Countries
- 12.4.1 Australia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 12.4.2 New Zealand Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 13 Covid-19 Impact: South America Functional Fragrances Market Analysis
- 13.1 South America Functional Fragrances Consumption and Value Analysis
- 13.1.1 South America Functional Fragrances Market Under COVID-19
- 13.2 South America Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Types
- 13.3 South America Functional Fragrances Consumption Structure by Application
- 13.4 South America Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume by Major Countries
- 13.4.1 Brazil Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.2 Argentina Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.3 Columbia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.4 Chile Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.5 Venezuela Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.6 Peru Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.7 Puerto Rico Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
- 13.4.8 Ecuador Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Functional Fragrances Business
- 14.1 Givaudan
- 14.1.1 Givaudan Company Profile
- 14.1.2 Givaudan Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.1.3 Givaudan Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.1.4 Givaudan Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.2 Sensient
- 14.2.1 Sensient Company Profile
- 14.2.2 Sensient Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.2.3 Sensient Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.2.4 Sensient Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.3 Symrise
- 14.3.1 Symrise Company Profile
- 14.3.2 Symrise Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.3.3 Symrise Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.3.4 Symrise Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.4 Firmenich
- 14.4.1 Firmenich Company Profile
- 14.4.2 Firmenich Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.4.3 Firmenich Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.4.4 Firmenich Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.5 Mane
- 14.5.1 Mane Company Profile
- 14.5.2 Mane Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.5.3 Mane Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.5.4 Mane Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.6 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF)
- 14.6.1 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF) Company Profile
- 14.6.2 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF) Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.6.3 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF) Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.6.4 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF) Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.7 T. Hasegawa
- 14.7.1 T. Hasegawa Company Profile
- 14.7.2 T. Hasegawa Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.7.3 T. Hasegawa Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.7.4 T. Hasegawa Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.8 WILD Flavors
- 14.8.1 WILD Flavors Company Profile
- 14.8.2 WILD Flavors Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.8.3 WILD Flavors Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.8.4 WILD Flavors Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.9 Takasago
- 14.9.1 Takasago Company Profile
- 14.9.2 Takasago Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.9.3 Takasago Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.9.4 Takasago Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.10 Robertet SA
- 14.10.1 Robertet SA Company Profile
- 14.10.2 Robertet SA Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.10.3 Robertet SA Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.10.4 Robertet SA Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.11 Huabao
- 14.11.1 Huabao Company Profile
- 14.11.2 Huabao Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.11.3 Huabao Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.11.4 Huabao Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.12 Shanghai Apple
- 14.12.1 Shanghai Apple Company Profile
- 14.12.2 Shanghai Apple Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.12.3 Shanghai Apple Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.12.4 Shanghai Apple Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.13 Kerry
- 14.13.1 Kerry Company Profile
- 14.13.2 Kerry Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.13.3 Kerry Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.13.4 Kerry Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.14 Boton
- 14.14.1 Boton Company Profile
- 14.14.2 Boton Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.14.3 Boton Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.14.4 Boton Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.15 Yingyang
- 14.15.1 Yingyang Company Profile
- 14.15.2 Yingyang Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.15.3 Yingyang Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.15.4 Yingyang Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.16 Prova
- 14.16.1 Prova Company Profile
- 14.16.2 Prova Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.16.3 Prova Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.16.4 Prova Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.17 McCormick
- 14.17.1 McCormick Company Profile
- 14.17.2 McCormick Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.17.3 McCormick Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.17.4 McCormick Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.18 Wanxiang International
- 14.18.1 Wanxiang International Company Profile
- 14.18.2 Wanxiang International Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.18.3 Wanxiang International Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.18.4 Wanxiang International Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.19 Zhonghua
- 14.19.1 Zhonghua Company Profile
- 14.19.2 Zhonghua Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.19.3 Zhonghua Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.19.4 Zhonghua Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
- 14.20 Synergy Flavor
- 14.20.1 Synergy Flavor Company Profile
- 14.20.2 Synergy Flavor Functional Fragrances Product Specification
- 14.20.3 Synergy Flavor Functional Fragrances Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)
- 14.20.4 Synergy Flavor Functional Fragrances Sales by Types
Chapter 15 Global Functional Fragrances Market Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.1.2 Global Functional Fragrances Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2021-2026)
- 15.2.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
- 15.2.2 Global Functional Fragrances Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)
- 15.2.3 North America Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.4 East Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.5 Europe Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.6 South Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.7 Southeast Asia Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.8 Middle East Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.9 Africa Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.10 Oceania Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.2.11 South America Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)
- 15.3 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.1 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.2 Global Functional Fragrances Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.3.3 Global Functional Fragrances Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
- 15.4 Global Functional Fragrances Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
- 15.5 Functional Fragrances Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology
The research team projects that the Functional Fragrances market size will grow from XXX in 2019 to XXX by 2026, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2019, and the market size is projected from 2020 to 2026.
The prime objective of this report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing with 10 major regions and 50 major countries. Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.
By Market Players:
Givaudan
Sensient
Symrise
Firmenich
Mane
International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (IFF)
T. Hasegawa
WILD Flavors
Takasago
Robertet SA
Huabao
Shanghai Apple
Kerry
Boton
Yingyang
Prova
McCormick
Wanxiang International
Zhonghua
Synergy Flavor
By Type
Natural Fragrances
Artificial Fragrances
By Application
Food and Beverages
Daily Chemicals
Tobacco Industry
By Regions/Countries:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
East Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Europe
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Poland
South Asia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Myanmar
Middle East
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
Oman
Africa
Nigeria
South Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Morocoo
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Venezuela
Peru
Puerto Rico
Ecuador
Rest of the World
Kazakhstan
Points Covered in The Report
The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.
The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.
The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.
Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.
The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.
Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.