Global Diamond and Gemstone Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Diamond and Gemstone Introduction
- 1.2 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.2.1 Overview: Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue by Type: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025
- 1.2.2 Diamond
- 1.2.3 Sapphires
- 1.2.4 Rubies
- 1.2.5 Emerald
- 1.2.6 Others
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Application
- 1.3.1 Overview: Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue by Application: 2015 VS 2019 VS 2025
- 1.3.2 Collections
- 1.3.3 Wedding
- 1.3.4 Festive Blessing
- 1.3.5 Fashion
- 1.3.6 Others
- 1.4 Overview of Global Diamond and Gemstone Market
- 1.4.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Market Status and Outlook (2015-2025)
- 1.4.2 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
- 1.4.3 Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia and Italy)
- 1.4.4 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
- 1.4.5 South America, Middle East & Africa
- 1.5 Market Dynamics
- 1.5.1 Market Opportunities
- 1.5.2 Market Risk
- 1.5.3 Market Driving Force
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Cartier
- 2.1.1 Cartier Details
- 2.1.2 Cartier Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.1.3 Cartier SWOT Analysis
- 2.1.4 Cartier Product and Services
- 2.1.5 Cartier Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.2 Chow Tai Fook
- 2.2.1 Chow Tai Fook Details
- 2.2.2 Chow Tai Fook Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.2.3 Chow Tai Fook SWOT Analysis
- 2.2.4 Chow Tai Fook Product and Services
- 2.2.5 Chow Tai Fook Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.3 De Beers
- 2.3.1 De Beers Details
- 2.3.2 De Beers Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.3.3 De Beers SWOT Analysis
- 2.3.4 De Beers Product and Services
- 2.3.5 De Beers Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.4 Harry Winston
- 2.4.1 Harry Winston Details
- 2.4.2 Harry Winston Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.4.3 Harry Winston SWOT Analysis
- 2.4.4 Harry Winston Product and Services
- 2.4.5 Harry Winston Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.5 Hearts On Fire
- 2.5.1 Hearts On Fire Details
- 2.5.2 Hearts On Fire Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.5.3 Hearts On Fire SWOT Analysis
- 2.5.4 Hearts On Fire Product and Services
- 2.5.5 Hearts On Fire Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.6 Tiffany
- 2.6.1 Tiffany Details
- 2.6.2 Tiffany Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.6.3 Tiffany SWOT Analysis
- 2.6.4 Tiffany Product and Services
- 2.6.5 Tiffany Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.7 Chow Sang Sang
- 2.7.1 Chow Sang Sang Details
- 2.7.2 Chow Sang Sang Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.7.3 Chow Sang Sang SWOT Analysis
- 2.7.4 Chow Sang Sang Product and Services
- 2.7.5 Chow Sang Sang Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.8 Graff
- 2.8.1 Graff Details
- 2.8.2 Graff Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.8.3 Graff SWOT Analysis
- 2.8.4 Graff Product and Services
- 2.8.5 Graff Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.9 Vab Cleef & Arpels
- 2.9.1 Vab Cleef & Arpels Details
- 2.9.2 Vab Cleef & Arpels Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.9.3 Vab Cleef & Arpels SWOT Analysis
- 2.9.4 Vab Cleef & Arpels Product and Services
- 2.9.5 Vab Cleef & Arpels Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.10 TSL
- 2.10.1 TSL Details
- 2.10.2 TSL Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.10.3 TSL SWOT Analysis
- 2.10.4 TSL Product and Services
- 2.10.5 TSL Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.11 Soo Kee
- 2.11.1 Soo Kee Details
- 2.11.2 Soo Kee Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.11.3 Soo Kee SWOT Analysis
- 2.11.4 Soo Kee Product and Services
- 2.11.5 Soo Kee Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.12 Tomei Group
- 2.12.1 Tomei Group Details
- 2.12.2 Tomei Group Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.12.3 Tomei Group SWOT Analysis
- 2.12.4 Tomei Group Product and Services
- 2.12.5 Tomei Group Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.13 Luk Fook Jewellery
- 2.13.1 Luk Fook Jewellery Details
- 2.13.2 Luk Fook Jewellery Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.13.3 Luk Fook Jewellery SWOT Analysis
- 2.13.4 Luk Fook Jewellery Product and Services
- 2.13.5 Luk Fook Jewellery Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.14 Jinghua Diamond
- 2.14.1 Jinghua Diamond Details
- 2.14.2 Jinghua Diamond Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.14.3 Jinghua Diamond SWOT Analysis
- 2.14.4 Jinghua Diamond Product and Services
- 2.14.5 Jinghua Diamond Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.15 De Gem
- 2.15.1 De Gem Details
- 2.15.2 De Gem Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.15.3 De Gem SWOT Analysis
- 2.15.4 De Gem Product and Services
- 2.15.5 De Gem Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.16 Take Jewelry
- 2.16.1 Take Jewelry Details
- 2.16.2 Take Jewelry Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.16.3 Take Jewelry SWOT Analysis
- 2.16.4 Take Jewelry Product and Services
- 2.16.5 Take Jewelry Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.17 Canary
- 2.17.1 Canary Details
- 2.17.2 Canary Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.17.3 Canary SWOT Analysis
- 2.17.4 Canary Product and Services
- 2.17.5 Canary Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.18 Habib Jewels
- 2.18.1 Habib Jewels Details
- 2.18.2 Habib Jewels Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.18.3 Habib Jewels SWOT Analysis
- 2.18.4 Habib Jewels Product and Services
- 2.18.5 Habib Jewels Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.19 Poh Kong Holding Bhd
- 2.19.1 Poh Kong Holding Bhd Details
- 2.19.2 Poh Kong Holding Bhd Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.19.3 Poh Kong Holding Bhd SWOT Analysis
- 2.19.4 Poh Kong Holding Bhd Product and Services
- 2.19.5 Poh Kong Holding Bhd Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.20 Lee Hwa
- 2.20.1 Lee Hwa Details
- 2.20.2 Lee Hwa Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.20.3 Lee Hwa SWOT Analysis
- 2.20.4 Lee Hwa Product and Services
- 2.20.5 Lee Hwa Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.21 Lovis
- 2.21.1 Lovis Details
- 2.21.2 Lovis Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.21.3 Lovis SWOT Analysis
- 2.21.4 Lovis Product and Services
- 2.21.5 Lovis Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.22 Sophia
- 2.22.1 Sophia Details
- 2.22.2 Sophia Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.22.3 Sophia SWOT Analysis
- 2.22.4 Sophia Product and Services
- 2.22.5 Sophia Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.23 CITIGEMS
- 2.23.1 CITIGEMS Details
- 2.23.2 CITIGEMS Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.23.3 CITIGEMS SWOT Analysis
- 2.23.4 CITIGEMS Product and Services
- 2.23.5 CITIGEMS Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.24 OM Diamond
- 2.24.1 OM Diamond Details
- 2.24.2 OM Diamond Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.24.3 OM Diamond SWOT Analysis
- 2.24.4 OM Diamond Product and Services
- 2.24.5 OM Diamond Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.25 Gilbert
- 2.25.1 Gilbert Details
- 2.25.2 Gilbert Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.25.3 Gilbert SWOT Analysis
- 2.25.4 Gilbert Product and Services
- 2.25.5 Gilbert Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.26 Lee Seng Jewelry
- 2.26.1 Lee Seng Jewelry Details
- 2.26.2 Lee Seng Jewelry Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.26.3 Lee Seng Jewelry SWOT Analysis
- 2.26.4 Lee Seng Jewelry Product and Services
- 2.26.5 Lee Seng Jewelry Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.27 Golden Dew
- 2.27.1 Golden Dew Details
- 2.27.2 Golden Dew Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.27.3 Golden Dew SWOT Analysis
- 2.27.4 Golden Dew Product and Services
- 2.27.5 Golden Dew Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.28 Tasaki
- 2.28.1 Tasaki Details
- 2.28.2 Tasaki Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.28.3 Tasaki SWOT Analysis
- 2.28.4 Tasaki Product and Services
- 2.28.5 Tasaki Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.29 Kim Keat
- 2.29.1 Kim Keat Details
- 2.29.2 Kim Keat Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.29.3 Kim Keat SWOT Analysis
- 2.29.4 Kim Keat Product and Services
- 2.29.5 Kim Keat Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
- 2.30 Jubilee Diamond
- 2.30.1 Jubilee Diamond Details
- 2.30.2 Jubilee Diamond Major Business and Total Revenue (Financial Highlights) Analysis
- 2.30.3 Jubilee Diamond SWOT Analysis
- 2.30.4 Jubilee Diamond Product and Services
- 2.30.5 Jubilee Diamond Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2019)
3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2019)
- 3.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2018-2019)
- 3.3 Market Concentration Rate
- 3.3.1 Top 3 Diamond and Gemstone Manufacturer Market Share in 2019
- 3.3.2 Top 6 Diamond and Gemstone Manufacturer Market Share in 2019
- 3.4 Market Competition Trend
4 Global Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
- 4.1.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.1.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 4.2 North America Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.3 Europe Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.5 South America Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
5 North America by Country
- 5.1 North America Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 5.1.1 North America Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 5.1.2 North America Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 5.2 United States Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 5.3 Canada Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 5.4 Mexico Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
6 Europe by Country
- 6.1 Europe Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 6.1.1 Europe Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 6.1.2 Europe Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 6.2 Germany Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.3 UK Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.4 France Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.5 Russia Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 6.6 Italy Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
7 Asia-Pacific by Regions
- 7.1 Asia-Pacific Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
- 7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
- 7.2 China Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.3 Japan Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.4 Korea Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.5 India Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.6 Southeast Asia Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 7.7 Australia Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
8 South America by Country
- 8.1 South America Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 8.1.1 South America Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 8.1.2 South America Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 8.2 Brazil Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 8.3 Argentina Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
9 Middle East & Africa by Countries
- 9.1 Middle East & Africa Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Country
- 9.1.1 Middle East & Africa Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 9.1.2 Middle East & Africa Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Country (2015-2020)
- 9.2 Saudi Arabia Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.3 Turkey Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.4 Egypt Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
- 9.5 South Africa Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
10 Market Segment by Type
- 10.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 10.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)
- 10.3 Global Diamond and Gemstone Price by Type (2015-2020)
11 Global Diamond and Gemstone Market Segment by Application
- 11.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 11.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Revenue Market Share by Application (2015-2020)
- 11.3 Global Diamond and Gemstone Price by Application (2015-2020)
12 Market Forecast
- 12.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast by Regions (2021-2025)
- 12.2.1 North America Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.2 Europe Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.3 Asia-Pacific Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.4 South America Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.2.5 Middle East & Africa Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast (2021-2025)
- 12.3 Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.3.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.3.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2025)
- 12.4 Diamond and Gemstone Market Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
- 12.4.1 Global Diamond and Gemstone Sales Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
- 12.4.2 Global Diamond and Gemstone Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2025)
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
- 13.1 Sales Channel
- 13.1.1 Direct Marketing
- 13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
- 13.2 Distributors, Traders and Dealers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Methodology
- 15.2 Data Source
- 15.3 Disclaimer
Market Overview
The global Diamond and Gemstone market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025, with a CAGR of xx% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025 and will expected to reach USD xx million by 2025, from USD xx million in 2019.
The Diamond and Gemstone market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
Market segmentation
Diamond and Gemstone market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2015-2025, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
By Type, Diamond and Gemstone market has been segmented into
Diamond
Sapphires
Rubies
Emerald
Others
By Application, Diamond and Gemstone has been segmented into:
Collections
Wedding
Festive Blessing
Fashion
Others
Regions and Countries Level Analysis
Regional analysis is another highly comprehensive part of the research and analysis study of the global Diamond and Gemstone market presented in the report. This section sheds light on the sales growth of different regional and country-level Diamond and Gemstone markets. For the historical and forecast period 2015 to 2025, it provides detailed and accurate country-wise volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the global Diamond and Gemstone market.
The report offers in-depth assessment of the growth and other aspects of the Diamond and Gemstone market in important countries (regions), including:
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)
Competitive Landscape and Diamond and Gemstone Market Share Analysis
Diamond and Gemstone competitive landscape provides details by vendors, including company overview, company total revenue (financials), market potential, global presence, Diamond and Gemstone sales and revenue generated, market share, price, production sites and facilities, SWOT analysis, product launch. For the period 2015-2020, this study provides the Diamond and Gemstone sales, revenue and market share for each player covered in this report.
The major players covered in Diamond and Gemstone are:
Cartier
Chow Tai Fook
De Beers
Harry Winston
Hearts On Fire
Tiffany
Chow Sang Sang
Graff
Vab Cleef & Arpels
TSL
Soo Kee
Tomei Group
Luk Fook Jewellery
Jinghua Diamond
De Gem
Take Jewelry
Canary
Habib Jewels
Poh Kong Holding Bhd
Lee Hwa
Lovis
Sophia
CITIGEMS
OM Diamond
Gilbert
Lee Seng Jewelry
Golden Dew
Tasaki
Kim Keat
Jubilee Diamond
Among other players domestic and global, Diamond and Gemstone market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America separately. Global Info Research analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Diamond and Gemstone product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Diamond and Gemstone, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Diamond and Gemstone in 2018 and 2019.
Chapter 3, the Diamond and Gemstone competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Diamond and Gemstone breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2015 to 2020.
Chapter 12, Diamond and Gemstone market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2020 to 2025.
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Diamond and Gemstone sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.