Global Connected Retail Market Status (2015-2019) and Forecast (2020-2024) by Region, Product Type & End-Use
Table of Content
1 Industry Overview
- 1.1 Connected Retail Industry
Figure Connected Retail Industry Chain Structure
- 1.1.1 Overview
- 1.1.2 Development of Connected Retail
- 1.2.1 Upstream
Table Upstream Segment of Connected Retail
- 1.2.2 Downstream
Table Application Segment of Connected Retail
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2025, by Application, in USD Million
- 1.3 Cost Analysis
2 Industry Environment (PEST Analysis)
- 2.1 Policy
- 2.2 Economics
- 2.3 Sociology
- 2.4 Technology
3 Connected Retail Market by Type
- 3.1 By Type
- 3.1.1 Zigbee
Table Major Company List of Zigbee
- 3.1.2 Wi-Fi
Table Major Company List of Wi-Fi
- 3.1.3 Bluetooth
Table Major Company List of Bluetooth
- 3.1.4 NFC
Table Major Company List of NFC
- 3.2 Market Size
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million
Figure Global Connected Retail Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume
Figure Global Connected Retail Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume
- 3.3 Market Forecast
Table Global Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in Volume
4 Major Companies List
- 4.1 Cisco Systems (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.1.1 Cisco Systems Profile
Table Cisco Systems Overview List
- 4.1.2 Cisco Systems Products & Services
- 4.1.3 Cisco Systems Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Cisco Systems (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.2 Verizon (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.2.1 Verizon Profile
Table Verizon Overview List
- 4.2.2 Verizon Products & Services
- 4.2.3 Verizon Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Verizon (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.3 IBM (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.3.1 IBM Profile
Table IBM Overview List
- 4.3.2 IBM Products & Services
- 4.3.3 IBM Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of IBM (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.4 Amazon Web Services Inc. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.4.1 Amazon Web Services Inc. Profile
Table Amazon Web Services Inc. Overview List
- 4.4.2 Amazon Web Services Inc. Products & Services
- 4.4.3 Amazon Web Services Inc. Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Amazon Web Services Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.5 Microsoft Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.5.1 Microsoft Corporation Profile
Table Microsoft Corporation Overview List
- 4.5.2 Microsoft Corporation Products & Services
- 4.5.3 Microsoft Corporation Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Microsoft Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.6 Belatrix Software (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.6.1 Belatrix Software Profile
Table Belatrix Software Overview List
- 4.6.2 Belatrix Software Products & Services
- 4.6.3 Belatrix Software Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Belatrix Software (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.7 ARM Holdings PLC (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.7.1 ARM Holdings PLC Profile
Table ARM Holdings PLC Overview List
- 4.7.2 ARM Holdings PLC Products & Services
- 4.7.3 ARM Holdings PLC Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of ARM Holdings PLC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.8 Softweb Solutions Inc. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.8.1 Softweb Solutions Inc. Profile
Table Softweb Solutions Inc. Overview List
- 4.8.2 Softweb Solutions Inc. Products & Services
- 4.8.3 Softweb Solutions Inc. Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Softweb Solutions Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.9 Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.9.1 Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) Profile
Table Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) Overview List
- 4.9.2 Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) Products & Services
- 4.9.3 Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.10 Google Inc. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.10.1 Google Inc. Profile
Table Google Inc. Overview List
- 4.10.2 Google Inc. Products & Services
- 4.10.3 Google Inc. Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Google Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.11 Microsoft Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.11.1 Microsoft Corporation Profile
Table Microsoft Corporation Overview List
- 4.11.2 Microsoft Corporation Products & Services
- 4.11.3 Microsoft Corporation Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Microsoft Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.12 Intel Corporation (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.12.1 Intel Corporation Profile
Table Intel Corporation Overview List
- 4.12.2 Intel Corporation Products & Services
- 4.12.3 Intel Corporation Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Intel Corporation (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.13 SAP SE (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.13.1 SAP SE Profile
Table SAP SE Overview List
- 4.13.2 SAP SE Products & Services
- 4.13.3 SAP SE Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of SAP SE (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.14 NXP Semiconductors NV (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.14.1 NXP Semiconductors NV Profile
Table NXP Semiconductors NV Overview List
- 4.14.2 NXP Semiconductors NV Products & Services
- 4.14.3 NXP Semiconductors NV Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of NXP Semiconductors NV (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.15 Zebra Technologies Corp. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.15.1 Zebra Technologies Corp. Profile
Table Zebra Technologies Corp. Overview List
- 4.15.2 Zebra Technologies Corp. Products & Services
- 4.15.3 Zebra Technologies Corp. Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Zebra Technologies Corp. (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.16 Fujitsu Limited (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.16.1 Fujitsu Limited Profile
Table Fujitsu Limited Overview List
- 4.16.2 Fujitsu Limited Products & Services
- 4.16.3 Fujitsu Limited Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of Fujitsu Limited (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
- 4.17 PTC Inc. (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)
- 4.17.1 PTC Inc. Profile
Table PTC Inc. Overview List
- 4.17.2 PTC Inc. Products & Services
- 4.17.3 PTC Inc. Business Operation Conditions
Table Business Operation of PTC Inc. (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
5 Market Competition
- 5.1 Company Competition
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue Share 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million
Figure Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue Share in 2019, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Volume 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Volume Share 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume
Figure Global Connected Retail Sales Volume Share in 2019, by Company, in Volume
- 5.2 Regional Market by Company
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail MMarket Concentration, in 2019
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
6 Demand by End Market
- 6.1 Demand Situation
- 6.1.1 Demand in Electronics
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Electronics, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Electronics, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.2 Demand in Home and Personal Care
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home and Personal Care, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home and Personal Care, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.3 Demand in Food and Beverage
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Food and Beverage, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Food and Beverage, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.4 Demand in Apparel
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Apparel, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Apparel, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.5 Demand in Footwear and Accessories
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Footwear and Accessories, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Footwear and Accessories, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.6 Demand in Home Goods
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home Goods, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home Goods, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.7 Demand in Sporting Goods and Toys
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Sporting Goods and Toys, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Sporting Goods and Toys, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.1.8 Demand in Cosmetics and Skin Care Products
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Cosmetics and Skin Care Products, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Cosmetics and Skin Care Products, 2015-2019, in Volume
- 6.2 Regional Demand Comparison
Table Regional Demand Comparison List
Table Major Application in Different Regions
- 6.3 Demand Forecast
Table Connected Retail Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Market Share in 2025, by Application, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Market Share in 2025, by Application, in Volume
7 Region Operation
- 7.1 Regional Production
Table Connected Retail Production 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Production 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
- 7.2 Regional Market
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
- 7.3 by Region
- 7.3.1 North America
- 7.3.1.1 Overview
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
- 7.3.1.2 by Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
- 7.3.1 North America
Table North America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table North America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.2 Europe
- 7.3.2.1 Overview
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
- 7.3.2.2 by Country (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)
Table Europe Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Europe Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.3 Asia-Pacific
- 7.3.3.1 Overview
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
- 7.3.3.2 by Country (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)
Table Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.4 South America
- 7.3.4.1 Overview
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
- 7.3.4.2 by Country (Brazil, Argentina etc.)
Table South America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table South America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
- 7.3.5 Middle East & Africa
- 7.3.5.1 Overview
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
- 7.3.5.2 by Country (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)
Table Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
- 7.4 Regional Import & Export
- 7.5 Regional Forecast
Table Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in Volume
8 Marketing & Price
- 8.1 Price and Margin
- 8.1.1 Price Trends
- 8.1.2 Factors of Price Change
Table Price Factors List
- 8.1.3 Manufacturers Gross Margin Analysis
Figure Marketing Channels Overview
9 Research Conclusion
List of Tables
List of Table
List of Table
Table Upstream Segment of Connected Retail
Table Application Segment of Connected Retail
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2025, by Application, in USD Million
Table Major Company List of Wi-Fi
Table Major Company List of Bluetooth
Table Major Company List of NFC
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Type, in Volume
Table Cisco Systems Overview List
Table Business Operation of Cisco Systems (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Verizon Overview List
Table Business Operation of Verizon (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table IBM Overview List
Table Business Operation of IBM (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Amazon Web Services Inc. Overview List
Table Business Operation of Amazon Web Services Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Microsoft Corporation Overview List
Table Business Operation of Microsoft Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Belatrix Software Overview List
Table Business Operation of Belatrix Software (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table ARM Holdings PLC Overview List
Table Business Operation of ARM Holdings PLC (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Softweb Solutions Inc. Overview List
Table Business Operation of Softweb Solutions Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) Overview List
Table Business Operation of Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.) (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Google Inc. Overview List
Table Business Operation of Google Inc. (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Microsoft Corporation Overview List
Table Business Operation of Microsoft Corporation (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Intel Corporation Overview List
Table Business Operation of Intel Corporation (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table SAP SE Overview List
Table Business Operation of SAP SE (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table NXP Semiconductors NV Overview List
Table Business Operation of NXP Semiconductors NV (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Zebra Technologies Corp. Overview List
Table Business Operation of Zebra Technologies Corp. (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Fujitsu Limited Overview List
Table Business Operation of Fujitsu Limited (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table PTC Inc. Overview List
Table Business Operation of PTC Inc. (Sales Revenue, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue Share 2015-2019, by Company, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Volume 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Sales Volume Share 2015-2019, by Company, in Volume
Table Regional Demand Comparison List
Table Major Application in Different Regions
Table Connected Retail Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Demand Forecast 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Market Share in 2025, by Application, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Production 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Production 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Connected Retail Market 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
Table Global Connected Retail Market Share 2015-2019, by Region, in Volume
Table North America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table North America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
Table Europe Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Europe Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
Table South America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table South America Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in USD Million
Table Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size 2015-2019, by Country, in Volume
Table Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in USD Million
Table Connected Retail Market Forecast 2020-2025, by Region, in Volume
Table Price Factors List
List of Figures
List of Figure
Figure Connected Retail Industry Chain Structure
Figure Global Connected Retail Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in USD Million
Figure Global Connected Retail Market Growth 2015-2019, by Type, in Volume
Figure Global Connected Retail Sales Revenue Share in 2019, by Company, in USD Million
Figure Global Connected Retail Sales Volume Share in 2019, by Company, in Volume
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail MMarket Concentration, in 2019
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Concentration, in 2019
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Electronics, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Electronics, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home and Personal Care, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home and Personal Care, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Food and Beverage, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Food and Beverage, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Apparel, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Apparel, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Footwear and Accessories, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Footwear and Accessories, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home Goods, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Home Goods, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Sporting Goods and Toys, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Sporting Goods and Toys, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Cosmetics and Skin Care Products, 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Demand in Cosmetics and Skin Care Products, 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Connected Retail Market Growth 2020-2025, by Application, in USD Million
Figure Connected Retail Market Share in 2025, by Application, in USD Million
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure North America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Europe Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Asia-Pacific Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure South America Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in USD Million
Figure Middle East & Africa Connected Retail Market Size and Growth 2015-2019, in Volume
Figure Marketing Channels Overview
Snapshot
The global Connected Retail market size is estimated at xxx million USD with a CAGR xx% from 2015-2019 and is expected to reach xxx Million USD in 2020 with a CAGR xx% from 2020 to 2025. The report begins from overview of Industry Chain structure, and describes industry environment, then analyses market size and forecast of Connected Retail by product, region and application, in addition, this report introduces market competition situation among the vendors and company profile, besides, market price analysis and value chain features are covered in this report.
Product Type Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Major Company of Product Type etc.):
Zigbee
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
NFC
Company Coverage (Company Profile, Sales Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Main Products etc.):
Cisco Systems
Verizon
IBM
Amazon Web Services Inc.
Microsoft Corporation
Belatrix Software
ARM Holdings PLC
Softweb Solutions Inc.
Atmel Corporation (Microchip Technology Inc.)
Google Inc.
Microsoft Corporation
Intel Corporation
SAP SE
NXP Semiconductors NV
Zebra Technologies Corp.
Fujitsu Limited
PTC Inc.
Application Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Different Demand Market by Region, Main Consumer Profile etc.):
Electronics
Home and Personal Care
Food and Beverage
Apparel
Footwear and Accessories
Home Goods
Sporting Goods and Toys
Cosmetics and Skin Care Products
Region Coverage (Regional Production, Demand & Forecast by Countries etc.):
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.)
Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.)
South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)