Global (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa) Automotive Sensor Market 2018, Forecast to 2023
Table of Contents
1 Market Overview
- 1.1 Automotive Sensor Introduction
- 1.2 Market Analysis by Type
- 1.2.1 Temperature Sensors
- 1.2.2 Position Sensors
- 1.2.3 Inertial Sensors
- 1.2.4 Pressure Sensors
- 1.2.5 Speed Sensors
- 1.3 Market Analysis by Applications
- 1.3.1 Passenger Vehicle
- 1.3.2 Commercial Vehicle
- 1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
- 1.4.1 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
- 1.4.1.1 United States Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.1.2 Canada Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.1.3 Mexico Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.2 Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
- 1.4.2.1 Germany Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.2.2 France Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.2.3 UK Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.2.4 Russia Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.2.5 Italy Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.3 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
- 1.4.3.1 China Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.3.2 Japan Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.3.3 Korea Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.3.4 India Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.3.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.4 South America, Middle East and Africa
- 1.4.4.1 Brazil Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.4.2 Egypt Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.4.3 Saudi Arabia Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.4.4 South Africa Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.4.5 Nigeria Market States and Outlook (2013-2023)
- 1.4.1 North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
- 1.5 Market Dynamics
- 1.5.1 Market Opportunities
- 1.5.2 Market Risk
- 1.5.3 Market Driving Force
2 Manufacturers Profiles
- 2.1 Bosch
- 2.1.1 Business Overview
- 2.1.1.1 Bosch Description
- 2.1.1.2 Bosch Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.1.2 Bosch Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.1.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.1.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.1.3 Bosch Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.1.3.1 Bosch Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.1.3.2 Global Bosch Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.1.1 Business Overview
- 2.2 Continental
- 2.2.1 Business Overview
- 2.2.1.1 Continental Description
- 2.2.1.2 Continental Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.2.2 Continental Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.2.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.2.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.2.3 Continental Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.2.3.1 Continental Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.2.3.2 Global Continental Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.2.1 Business Overview
- 2.3 DENSO
- 2.3.1 Business Overview
- 2.3.1.1 DENSO Description
- 2.3.1.2 DENSO Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.3.2 DENSO Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.3.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.3.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.3.3 DENSO Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.3.3.1 DENSO Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.3.3.2 Global DENSO Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.3.1 Business Overview
- 2.4 Delphi
- 2.4.1 Business Overview
- 2.4.1.1 Delphi Description
- 2.4.1.2 Delphi Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.4.2 Delphi Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.4.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.4.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.4.3 Delphi Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.4.3.1 Delphi Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.4.3.2 Global Delphi Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.4.1 Business Overview
- 2.5 Sensata
- 2.5.1 Business Overview
- 2.5.1.1 Sensata Description
- 2.5.1.2 Sensata Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.5.2 Sensata Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.5.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.5.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.5.3 Sensata Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.5.3.1 Sensata Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.5.3.2 Global Sensata Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.5.1 Business Overview
- 2.6 Autoliv
- 2.6.1 Business Overview
- 2.6.1.1 Autoliv Description
- 2.6.1.2 Autoliv Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.6.2 Autoliv Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.6.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.6.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.6.3 Autoliv Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.6.3.1 Autoliv Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.6.3.2 Global Autoliv Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.6.1 Business Overview
- 2.7 Infineon
- 2.7.1 Business Overview
- 2.7.1.1 Infineon Description
- 2.7.1.2 Infineon Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.7.2 Infineon Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.7.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.7.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.7.3 Infineon Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.7.3.1 Infineon Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.7.3.2 Global Infineon Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.7.1 Business Overview
- 2.8 Freescale
- 2.8.1 Business Overview
- 2.8.1.1 Freescale Description
- 2.8.1.2 Freescale Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.8.2 Freescale Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.8.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.8.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.8.3 Freescale Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.8.3.1 Freescale Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.8.3.2 Global Freescale Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
- 2.8.1 Business Overview
- 2.9 STMicroelectronics
- 2.9.1 Business Overview
- 2.9.1.1 STMicroelectronics Description
- 2.9.1.2 STMicroelectronics Headquarter, Main Business and Finance Overview
- 2.9.2 STMicroelectronics Automotive Sensor Product Introduction
- 2.9.2.1 Automotive Sensor Production Bases, Sales Regions and Major Competitors
- 2.9.2.2 Automotive Sensor Product Information
- 2.9.3 STMicroelectronics Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.9.3.1 STMicroelectronics Automotive Sensor Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2016-2017)
- 2.9.3.2 Global STMicroelectronics Automotive Sensor Market Share in 2017
3 Global Automotive Sensor Market Competition, by Manufacturer
- 3.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales and Market Share by Manufacturer (2016-2017)
- 3.2 Global Automotive Sensor Revenue and Market Share by Manufacturer (2016-2017)
- 3.3 Global Automotive Sensor Price by Manufacturer (2016-2017)
- 3.4 Market Concentration Rate
- 3.4.1 Top 3 Automotive Sensor Manufacturer Market Share in 2017
- 3.4.2 Top 5 Automotive Sensor Manufacturer Market Share in 2017
- 3.5 Market Competition Trend
4 Global Automotive Sensor Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions
- 4.1.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales by Regions (2013-2018)
- 4.1.2 Global Automotive Sensor Revenue by Regions (2013-2018)
- 4.2 North America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 4.3 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 4.4 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 4.5 South America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 4.6 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
5 North America Automotive Sensor by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers
- 5.1 North America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
- 5.1.1 North America Automotive Sensor Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
- 5.1.2 North America Automotive Sensor Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
- 5.1.3 United States Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 5.1.4 Canada Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 5.1.5 Mexico Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 5.2 North America Automotive Sensor Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 5.2.1 North America Automotive Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 5.2.2 North America Automotive Sensor Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 5.3 North America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 5.3.1 North America Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 5.3.2 North America Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 5.4 North America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 5.4.1 North America Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 5.4.2 North America Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)
6 Europe Automotive Sensor by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers
- 6.1 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
- 6.1.1 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
- 6.1.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
- 6.1.3 Germany Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 6.1.4 UK Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 6.1.5 France Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 6.1.6 Russia Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 6.1.7 Italy Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 6.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 6.2.1 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 6.2.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 6.3 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 6.3.1 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 6.3.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 6.4 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 6.4.1 Europe Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 6.4.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)
7 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers
- 7.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
- 7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
- 7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
- 7.1.3 China Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 7.1.4 Japan Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 7.1.5 Korea Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 7.1.6 India Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 7.1.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 7.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 7.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 7.3.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 7.3.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 7.4 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 7.4.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 7.4.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)
8 South America Automotive Sensor by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers
- 8.1 South America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
- 8.1.1 South America Automotive Sensor Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
- 8.1.2 South America Automotive Sensor Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
- 8.1.3 Brazil Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 8.1.4 Argentina Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 8.1.5 Colombia Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 8.2 South America Automotive Sensor Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 8.2.1 South America Automotive Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 8.2.2 South America Automotive Sensor Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 8.3 South America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 8.3.1 South America Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 8.3.2 South America Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 8.4 South America Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 8.4.1 South America Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 8.4.2 South America Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)
9 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor by Countries, Type, Application and Manufacturers
- 9.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries
- 9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales by Countries (2013-2018)
- 9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Revenue by Countries (2013-2018)
- 9.1.3 Saudi Arabia Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 9.1.4 UAE Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 9.1.5 Egypt Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 9.1.6 Nigeria Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 9.1.7 South Africa Automotive Sensor Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2018)
- 9.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales and Revenue (Value) by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2017)
- 9.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 9.4 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 9.4.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Sales and Sales Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 9.4.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Revenue and Revenue Share by Application (2013-2018)
10 Global Automotive Sensor Market Segment by Type
- 10.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 10.1.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 10.1.2 Global Automotive Sensor Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
- 10.2 Temperature Sensors Sales Growth and Price
- 10.2.1 Global Temperature Sensors Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 10.2.2 Global Temperature Sensors Price (2013-2018)
- 10.3 Position Sensors Sales Growth and Price
- 10.3.1 Global Position Sensors Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 10.3.2 Global Position Sensors Price (2013-2018)
- 10.4 Inertial Sensors Sales Growth and Price
- 10.4.1 Global Inertial Sensors Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 10.4.2 Global Inertial Sensors Price (2013-2018)
- 10.5 Pressure Sensors Sales Growth and Price
- 10.5.1 Global Pressure Sensors Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 10.5.2 Global Pressure Sensors Price (2013-2018)
- 10.6 Speed Sensors Sales Growth and Price
- 10.6.1 Global Speed Sensors Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 10.6.2 Global Speed Sensors Price (2013-2018)
11 Global Automotive Sensor Market Segment by Application
- 11.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
- 11.2 Passenger Vehicle Sales Growth (2013-2018)
- 11.3 Commercial Vehicle Sales Growth (2013-2018)
12 Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2018-2023)
- 12.2 Automotive Sensor Market Forecast by Regions (2018-2023)
- 12.2.1 North America Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.2.2 Europe Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.2.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.2.4 South America Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.2.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sensor Market Forecast (2018-2023)
- 12.3 Automotive Sensor Market Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
- 12.3.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
- 12.3.2 Global Automotive Sensor Market Share Forecast by Type (2018-2023)
- 12.4 Automotive Sensor Market Forecast by Application (2018-2023)
- 12.4.1 Global Automotive Sensor Sales Forecast by Application (2018-2023)
- 12.4.2 Global Automotive Sensor Market Share Forecast by Application (2018-2023)
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
- 13.1 Sales Channel
- 13.1.1 Direct Marketing
- 13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
- 13.1.3 Marketing Channel Future Trend
- 13.2 Distributors, Traders and Dealers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
- 15.1 Methodology
- 2.9.1 Business Overview
Automotive sensors monitor and control the chemical, physical and process changes of the automobiles. Sensors are used to minimize the fuel consumption, reduce onboard weight of vehicle and comply with government regulations towards the passenger’s safety.
Scope of the Report:
This report focuses on the Automotive Sensor in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.
Asia Pacific automotive sensor market was the largest regional segment and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 8.7% from 2017 to 2025. This growth is attributed to the presence of key automobile manufacturers in this region, particularly in China and India.
Asia Pacific was followed by Europe, which accounted for over 20.7% of the revenue share in 2017. North America also had a considerable revenue share and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.8% from 2017 to 2025. This growth is due to favorable legal situations, particularly in the U.S.
The worldwide market for Automotive Sensor is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 6.5% over the next five years, will reach 33300 million US$ in 2023, from 22800 million US$ in 2017, according to a new GIR (Global Info Research) study.
Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers
Bosch
Continental
DENSO
Delphi
Sensata
Autoliv
Infineon
Freescale
STMicroelectronics
Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)
Market Segment by Type, covers
Temperature Sensors
Position Sensors
Inertial Sensors
Pressure Sensors
Speed Sensors
Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
There are 15 Chapters to deeply display the global Automotive Sensor market.
Chapter 1, to describe Automotive Sensor Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force;
Chapter 2, to analyze the top manufacturers of Automotive Sensor, with sales, revenue, and price of Automotive Sensor, in 2016 and 2017;
Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2016 and 2017;
Chapter 4, to show the global market by regions, with sales, revenue and market share of Automotive Sensor, for each region, from 2013 to 2018;
Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to analyze the market by countries, by type, by application and by manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions;
Chapter 10 and 11, to show the market by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2013 to 2018;
Chapter 12, Automotive Sensor market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2018 to 2023;
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Automotive Sensor sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source