Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Report 2019
Table of Contents
Section 1 Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Definition
Section 2 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Manufacturer Share and Market Overview
- 2.1 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments
- 2.2 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue
- 2.3 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Overview
Section 3 Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.1 Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.1.1 Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
- 3.1.2 Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution by Region
- 3.1.3 Bosch (Germany) Interview Record
- 3.1.4 Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Profile
- 3.1.5 Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
- 3.2 Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.2.1 Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
- 3.2.2 Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution by Region
- 3.2.3 Interview Record
- 3.2.4 Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
- 3.2.5 Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
- 3.3 Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.3.1 Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
- 3.3.2 Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution by Region
- 3.3.3 Interview Record
- 3.3.4 Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
- 3.3.5 Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
- 3.4 Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.4.1 Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
- 3.4.2 Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution by Region
- 3.4.3 Interview Record
- 3.4.4 Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
- 3.4.5 Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
- 3.5 ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Introduction
- 3.5.1 ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
- 3.5.2 ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution by Region
- 3.5.3 Interview Record
- 3.5.4 ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
- 3.5.5 ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Section 4 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level)
- 4.1 North America Country
- 4.1.1 United States Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.1.2 Canada Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.1.3 North America Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.2 South America Country
- 4.2.1 South America Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3 Asia Country
- 4.3.1 China Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3.2 Japan Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3.3 India Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3.4 Korea Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3.5 Southeast Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.3.6 Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.4 Europe Country
- 4.4.1 Germany Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.4.2 UK Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.4.3 France Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.4.4 Russia Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.4.5 Europe Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.5 Africa Country
- 4.2.1 Africa Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.6 Other Country and Region
- 4.6.1 Middle East Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.6.2 GCC Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Size and Price Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.7 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis 2014-2018
- 4.7 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Analysis
Section 5 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level)
- 5.1 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-2018
- 5.2 Different Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Type Price 2014-2018
- 5.3 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Analysis
Section 6 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level)
- 6.1 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size 2014-2018
- 6.2 Different Industry Price 2014-2018
- 6.3 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Analysis
Section 7 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level)
- 7.1 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume and Share 2014-2018
- 7.2 Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Analysis
Section 8 Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Forecast 2018-2023
- 8.1 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Forecast (Region Level)
- 8.2 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Forecast (Product Type Level)
- 8.3 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Forecast (Industry Level)
- 8.4 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Forecast (Channel Level)
Section 9 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Product Type
- 9.1 Die Casting Product Introduction
- 9.2 Permanent Mold Casting Product Introduction
- 9.3 Sand Casting Product Introduction
Section 10 Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Industry
- 10.1 Passenger Cars Clients
- 10.2 Commercial Vehicles Clients
Section 11 Automotive Aluminum Casting Cost of Production Analysis
- 11.1 Raw Material Cost Analysis
- 11.2 Technology Cost Analysis
- 11.3 Labor Cost Analysis
- 11.4 Cost Overview
Section 12 Conclusion
13 Methodology and Data Source
- 13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
- 13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
- 13.2 Data Source
- 13.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 13.2.2 Primary Sources
- 13.3 Disclaimer
Chart and Figure
Figure Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Picture from Bosch (Germany)
Chart 2014-2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments (Units)
Chart 2014-2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2014 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2015 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2016 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2017 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments Share
Chart 2014-2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue (Million USD)
Chart 2014-2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart 2014 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart 2015 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart 2016 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart 2017 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart 2018 Global Manufacturer Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Revenue Share
Chart Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
Chart Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution
Chart Bosch (Germany) Interview Record (Partly)
Chart Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Profile
Table Bosch (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Chart Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
Chart Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution
Chart Continental (Germany) Interview Record (Partly)
Chart Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
Table Continental (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Chart Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
Chart Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution
Chart Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Interview Record (Partly)
Chart Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
Table Thyssenkrupp (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Chart Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
Chart Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution
Chart Denso (Japan) Interview Record (Partly)
Chart Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
Table Denso (Japan) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Chart ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Shipments, Price, Revenue and Gross profit 2014-2018
Chart ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Distribution
Chart ZF (Germany) Interview Record (Partly)
Chart ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Business Overview
Table ZF (Germany) Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Specification
Chart United States Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart United States Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Canada Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Canada Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart North America Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart North America Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart South America Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart South America Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart China Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart China Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Japan Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Japan Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart India Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart India Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Korea Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Korea Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Southeast Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Southeast Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Asia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Germany Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Germany Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart UK Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart UK Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart France Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart France Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Russia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Russia Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Europe Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Europe Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Africa Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Africa Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Middle East Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Middle East Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart GCC Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Volume (Units) and Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart GCC Automotive Aluminum Casting Sales Price (USD/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014-2018 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2014 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2015 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2016 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2017 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Sales Volume 2018 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014-2018 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2014 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2015 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2016 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2017 Share
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Region Level) Market size 2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) 2014-2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2014-2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2014 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2015 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2016 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2017 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume 2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2014-2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014-2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2014 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2015 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2016 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2017 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size 2018 Share
Chart Different Automotive Aluminum Casting Product Type Price ($/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014-2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014-2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2014 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2015 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2016 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2017 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014-2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014-2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2014 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2015 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2016 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2017 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2018 Share
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Price ($/Unit) 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume (Units) 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2014-2018
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2014
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2015
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2016
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2017
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2018
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Sales Volume (Unit) Forecast (Region Level) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Sales Volume Forecast (Region Level) Share 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Size (Million USD) Forecast (Region Level) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Segmentation Market Size Forecast (Region Level) Share 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Volume (Units) Share 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Product Type Level) Market Size (Million $) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Volume) Share 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) 2018-2023
Chart Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Industry Level) Market Size (Value) Share 2018-2023
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Sales Volume (Units) 2018-2023
Chart Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Segmentation (Channel Level) Share 2018-2023
Chart Die Casting Product Figure
Chart Die Casting Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison
Chart Permanent Mold Casting Product Figure
Chart Permanent Mold Casting Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison
Chart Sand Casting Product Figure
Chart Sand Casting Product Advantage and Disadvantage Comparison
Chart Passenger Cars Clients
Chart Commercial Vehicles Clients
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Global Automotive Aluminum Casting Market Report 2019
Full Report: 2350 USD
Multi License (Section): 4700 USD
Section Price: As below
Page: 115
Chart and Figure: 124
Publisher: BisReport
Delivery Time: 24 hour
With the slowdown in world economic growth, the Automotive Aluminum Casting industry has also suffered a certain impact, but still maintained a relatively optimistic growth, the past four years, Automotive Aluminum Casting market size to maintain the average annual growth rate of XXX from XXX million $ in 2014 to (2017 Market size XXXX) million $ in 2018, BisReport analysts believe that in the next few years, Automotive Aluminum Casting market size will be further expanded, we expect that by 2023, The market size of the Automotive Aluminum Casting will reach XXX million $.
This Report covers the manufacturers’ data, including: shipment, price, revenue, gross profit, interview record, business distribution etc., these data help the consumer know about the competitors better. This report also covers all the regions and countries of the world, which shows a regional development status, including market size, volume and value, as well as price data.
Besides, the report also covers segment data, including: type segment, industry segment, channel segment etc. cover different segment market size, both volume and value. Also cover different industries clients information, which is very important for the manufacturers. If you need more information, please contact BisReport
Section 1: Free——Definition
Section (2 3): 1200 USD——Manufacturer Detail
Bosch (Germany)
Continental (Germany)
Thyssenkrupp (Germany)
Denso (Japan)
ZF (Germany)
Honeywell International (USA)
Magna International (Canada)
Cummins (USA)
Eaton (USA)
Toyota Industries (Japan)
Mahle (Germany)
GKN (UK)
Magneti Marelli (Italy)
BorgWarner (USA)
Hitachi (Japan)
Toyoda Gosei (Japan)
TVS (India)
JATCO (Japan)
AISIN SEIKI (Japan)
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group (China)
Linamar (Canada)
Hyundai (Korea)
Rheinmetall Automotive (Germany)
CITIC Dicastal (China)
FAW Jiefang Automotive (China)
Dongfeng Motor Parts and Components Group (China)
Aisan Industry (Japan)
TPR (Japan)
Ahresty (Japan)
Shanxi Fast Auto Drive Group (China)
Section 4: 900 USD——Region Segmentation
North America Country (United States, Canada)
South America
Asia Country (China, Japan, India, Korea)
Europe Country (Germany, UK, France, Italy)
Other Country (Middle East, Africa, GCC)
Section (5 6 7): 500 USD——
Product Type Segmentation (Die Casting, Permanent Mold Casting, Sand Casting, , )
Industry Segmentation (Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles, , , )
Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor) Segmentation
Section 8: 400 USD——Trend (2018-2023)
Section 9: 300 USD——Product Type Detail
Section 10: 700 USD——Downstream Consumer
Section 11: 200 USD——Cost Structure
Section 12: 500 USD——Conclusion