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Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market 2024 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2030

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1 Market Overview

  • 1.1 Product Overview and Scope
  • 1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
  • 1.3 Market Analysis by Thickness
    • 1.3.1 Overview: Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Thickness: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
    • 1.3.2 0.38mm and Below
    • 1.3.3 Above 0.38mm
  • 1.4 Market Analysis by Application
    • 1.4.1 Overview: Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Application: 2019 Versus 2023 Versus 2030
    • 1.4.2 IGBT Module
    • 1.4.3 Others
  • 1.5 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size & Forecast
    • 1.5.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019 & 2023 & 2030)
    • 1.5.2 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity (2019-2030)
    • 1.5.3 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Average Price (2019-2030)

2 Manufacturers Profiles

  • 2.1 Rogers/Curamik
    • 2.1.1 Rogers/Curamik Details
    • 2.1.2 Rogers/Curamik Major Business
    • 2.1.3 Rogers/Curamik Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.1.4 Rogers/Curamik Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.1.5 Rogers/Curamik Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.2 KCC
    • 2.2.1 KCC Details
    • 2.2.2 KCC Major Business
    • 2.2.3 KCC Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.2.4 KCC Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.2.5 KCC Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.3 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics)
    • 2.3.1 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics) Details
    • 2.3.2 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics) Major Business
    • 2.3.3 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics) Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.3.4 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics) Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.3.5 Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics) Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.4 Heraeus Electronics
    • 2.4.1 Heraeus Electronics Details
    • 2.4.2 Heraeus Electronics Major Business
    • 2.4.3 Heraeus Electronics Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.4.4 Heraeus Electronics Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.4.5 Heraeus Electronics Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.5 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology
    • 2.5.1 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology Details
    • 2.5.2 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology Major Business
    • 2.5.3 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.5.4 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.5.5 Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.6 NGK Electronics Devices
    • 2.6.1 NGK Electronics Devices Details
    • 2.6.2 NGK Electronics Devices Major Business
    • 2.6.3 NGK Electronics Devices Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.6.4 NGK Electronics Devices Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.6.5 NGK Electronics Devices Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.7 Littelfuse IXYS
    • 2.7.1 Littelfuse IXYS Details
    • 2.7.2 Littelfuse IXYS Major Business
    • 2.7.3 Littelfuse IXYS Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.7.4 Littelfuse IXYS Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.7.5 Littelfuse IXYS Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.8 Remtec
    • 2.8.1 Remtec Details
    • 2.8.2 Remtec Major Business
    • 2.8.3 Remtec Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.8.4 Remtec Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.8.5 Remtec Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.9 Stellar Industries Corp
    • 2.9.1 Stellar Industries Corp Details
    • 2.9.2 Stellar Industries Corp Major Business
    • 2.9.3 Stellar Industries Corp Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.9.4 Stellar Industries Corp Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.9.5 Stellar Industries Corp Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.10 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS)
    • 2.10.1 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS) Details
    • 2.10.2 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS) Major Business
    • 2.10.3 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS) Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.10.4 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS) Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.10.5 Tong Hsing (acquired HCS) Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.11 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development
    • 2.11.1 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development Details
    • 2.11.2 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development Major Business
    • 2.11.3 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.11.4 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.11.5 Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.12 BYD
    • 2.12.1 BYD Details
    • 2.12.2 BYD Major Business
    • 2.12.3 BYD Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.12.4 BYD Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.12.5 BYD Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.13 Shengda Tech
    • 2.13.1 Shengda Tech Details
    • 2.13.2 Shengda Tech Major Business
    • 2.13.3 Shengda Tech Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.13.4 Shengda Tech Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.13.5 Shengda Tech Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.14 Ecocera
    • 2.14.1 Ecocera Details
    • 2.14.2 Ecocera Major Business
    • 2.14.3 Ecocera Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.14.4 Ecocera Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.14.5 Ecocera Recent Developments/Updates
  • 2.15 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry
    • 2.15.1 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry Details
    • 2.15.2 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry Major Business
    • 2.15.3 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Product and Services
    • 2.15.4 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2024)
    • 2.15.5 Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry Recent Developments/Updates

3 Competitive Environment: Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) by Manufacturer

  • 3.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
  • 3.2 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
  • 3.3 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Average Price by Manufacturer (2019-2024)
  • 3.4 Market Share Analysis (2023)
    • 3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2023
    • 3.4.2 Top 3 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
    • 3.4.3 Top 6 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Manufacturer Market Share in 2023
  • 3.5 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
    • 3.5.1 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market: Region Footprint
    • 3.5.2 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market: Company Product Type Footprint
    • 3.5.3 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market: Company Product Application Footprint
  • 3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
  • 3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations

4 Consumption Analysis by Region

  • 4.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Region
    • 4.1.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
    • 4.1.2 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
    • 4.1.3 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Average Price by Region (2019-2030)
  • 4.2 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019-2030)
  • 4.3 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019-2030)
  • 4.4 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019-2030)
  • 4.5 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019-2030)
  • 4.6 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value (2019-2030)

5 Market Segment by Thickness

  • 5.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 5.2 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 5.3 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Average Price by Thickness (2019-2030)

6 Market Segment by Application

  • 6.1 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 6.2 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Application (2019-2030)
  • 6.3 Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Average Price by Application (2019-2030)

7 North America

  • 7.1 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 7.2 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 7.3 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Country
    • 7.3.1 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
    • 7.3.2 North America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
    • 7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)

8 Europe

  • 8.1 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 8.2 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 8.3 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Country
    • 8.3.1 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.2 Europe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)

9 Asia-Pacific

  • 9.1 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 9.2 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 9.3 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Region
    • 9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Region (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Region (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.5 South Korea Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)

10 South America

  • 10.1 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 10.2 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 10.3 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Country
    • 10.3.1 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
    • 10.3.2 South America Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
    • 10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)

11 Middle East & Africa

  • 11.1 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Thickness (2019-2030)
  • 11.2 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Application (2019-2030)
  • 11.3 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Size by Country
    • 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Sales Quantity by Country (2019-2030)
    • 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Consumption Value by Country (2019-2030)
    • 11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)
    • 11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2019-2030)

12 Market Dynamics

  • 12.1 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Drivers
  • 12.2 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Market Restraints
  • 12.3 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Trends Analysis
  • 12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
    • 12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
    • 12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
    • 12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
    • 12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
    • 12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry

13 Raw Material and Industry Chain

  • 13.1 Raw Material of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) and Key Manufacturers
  • 13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate)
  • 13.3 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Production Process
  • 13.4 Industry Value Chain Analysis

14 Shipments by Distribution Channel

  • 14.1 Sales Channel
    • 14.1.1 Direct to End-User
    • 14.1.2 Distributors
  • 14.2 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Typical Distributors
  • 14.3 Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) Typical Customers

15 Research Findings and Conclusion

    16 Appendix

    • 16.1 Methodology
    • 16.2 Research Process and Data Source

    DBC (Direct Bonded Copper) substrates are composed of a ceramic insulator, Al2O3 or AlN onto which pure copper metal is attached by a high temperature eutectic melting process and thus tightly and firmly joined to the ceramic.
    This report studies the Al2O3 DBC ceramic substrate.
    According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market size was valued at US$ 312 million in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 559 million by 2030 with a CAGR of 8.8% during review period.
    In global alumina DBC substrate production market,Europe took the main share(about 41%),South Korea took 29% share.
    The global market is dominated by few players, two of the world"s largest manufacturers occupy for over 60% of global market share in 2019. Rogers/Curamik is the largest producer.
    This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Thickness and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2024, are provided.
    Key Features:
    Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sq.m), and average selling prices (USD/Sq.m), 2019-2030
    Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sq.m), and average selling prices (USD/Sq.m), 2019-2030
    Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market size and forecasts, by Thickness and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sq.m), and average selling prices (USD/Sq.m), 2019-2030
    Global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (K Sq.m), and ASP (USD/Sq.m), 2019-2024
    The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
    To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
    To assess the growth potential for Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate)
    To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
    To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace
    This report profiles key players in the global Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market based on the following parameters - company overview, sales quantity, revenue, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Rogers/Curamik, KCC, Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics), Heraeus Electronics, Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology, NGK Electronics Devices, Littelfuse IXYS, Remtec, Stellar Industries Corp, Tong Hsing (acquired HCS), etc.
    This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.
    Market Segmentation
    Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market is split by Thickness and by Application. For the period 2019-2030, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Thickness, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
    Market segment by Thickness
    0.38mm and Below
    Above 0.38mm
    Market segment by Application
    IGBT Module
    Others
    Major players covered
    Rogers/Curamik
    KCC
    Ferrotec (Shanghai Shenhe Thermo-Magnetics Electronics)
    Heraeus Electronics
    Nanjing Zhongjiang New Material Science & Technology
    NGK Electronics Devices
    Littelfuse IXYS
    Remtec
    Stellar Industries Corp
    Tong Hsing (acquired HCS)
    Zibo Linzi Yinhe High-Tech Development
    BYD
    Shengda Tech
    Ecocera
    Chengdu Wanshida Ceramic Industry
    Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
    North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
    Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
    Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
    South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
    Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
    The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
    Chapter 1, to describe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
    Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate), with price, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) from 2019 to 2024.
    Chapter 3, the Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue, and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
    Chapter 4, the Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value, and growth by regions, from 2019 to 2030.
    Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Thickness and by Application, with sales market share and growth rate by Thickness, by Application, from 2019 to 2030.
    Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value, and market share for key countries in the world, from 2019 to 2024.and Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) market forecast, by regions, by Thickness, and by Application, with sales and revenue, from 2025 to 2030.
    Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, and Porters Five Forces analysis.
    Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate).
    Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Alumina DBC (Direct Bond Copper Substrate) sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.

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